# Copyright (C) 2001-2016, Python Software Foundation
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#
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msgid ""
msgstr ""
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"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
"Language: fr\n"
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"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:5
msgid "Unicode HOWTO"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:0
msgid "Release"
msgstr "Version"

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:7
msgid "1.12"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:9
msgid ""
"This HOWTO discusses Python support for Unicode, and explains various "
"problems that people commonly encounter when trying to work with Unicode."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:14
msgid "Introduction to Unicode"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:17
msgid "History of Character Codes"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:19
msgid ""
"In 1968, the American Standard Code for Information Interchange, better "
"known by its acronym ASCII, was standardized.  ASCII defined numeric codes "
"for various characters, with the numeric values running from 0 to 127.  For "
"example, the lowercase letter 'a' is assigned 97 as its code value."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:24
msgid ""
"ASCII was an American-developed standard, so it only defined unaccented "
"characters.  There was an 'e', but no 'é' or 'Í'.  This meant that languages "
"which required accented characters couldn't be faithfully represented in "
"ASCII. (Actually the missing accents matter for English, too, which contains "
"words such as 'naïve' and 'café', and some publications have house styles "
"which require spellings such as 'coöperate'.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:31
msgid ""
"For a while people just wrote programs that didn't display accents. In the "
"mid-1980s an Apple II BASIC program written by a French speaker might have "
"lines like these:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:40
msgid ""
"Those messages should contain accents (terminée, paramètre, enregistrés) and "
"they just look wrong to someone who can read French."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:43
msgid ""
"In the 1980s, almost all personal computers were 8-bit, meaning that bytes "
"could hold values ranging from 0 to 255.  ASCII codes only went up to 127, "
"so some machines assigned values between 128 and 255 to accented "
"characters.  Different machines had different codes, however, which led to "
"problems exchanging files. Eventually various commonly used sets of values "
"for the 128--255 range emerged. Some were true standards, defined by the "
"International Organization for Standardization, and some were *de facto* "
"conventions that were invented by one company or another and managed to "
"catch on."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:52
msgid ""
"255 characters aren't very many.  For example, you can't fit both the "
"accented characters used in Western Europe and the Cyrillic alphabet used "
"for Russian into the 128--255 range because there are more than 128 such "
"characters."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:56
msgid ""
"You could write files using different codes (all your Russian files in a "
"coding system called KOI8, all your French files in a different coding "
"system called Latin1), but what if you wanted to write a French document "
"that quotes some Russian text?  In the 1980s people began to want to solve "
"this problem, and the Unicode standardization effort began."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:62
msgid ""
"Unicode started out using 16-bit characters instead of 8-bit characters.  16 "
"bits means you have 2^16 = 65,536 distinct values available, making it "
"possible to represent many different characters from many different "
"alphabets; an initial goal was to have Unicode contain the alphabets for "
"every single human language. It turns out that even 16 bits isn't enough to "
"meet that goal, and the modern Unicode specification uses a wider range of "
"codes, 0 through 1,114,111 ( ``0x10FFFF`` in base 16)."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:70
msgid ""
"There's a related ISO standard, ISO 10646.  Unicode and ISO 10646 were "
"originally separate efforts, but the specifications were merged with the 1.1 "
"revision of Unicode."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:74
msgid ""
"(This discussion of Unicode's history is highly simplified.  The precise "
"historical details aren't necessary for understanding how to use Unicode "
"effectively, but if you're curious, consult the Unicode consortium site "
"listed in the References or the `Wikipedia entry for Unicode <https://en."
"wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode#History>`_ for more information.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:83
msgid "Definitions"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:85
msgid ""
"A **character** is the smallest possible component of a text.  'A', 'B', "
"'C', etc., are all different characters.  So are 'È' and 'Í'.  Characters "
"are abstractions, and vary depending on the language or context you're "
"talking about.  For example, the symbol for ohms (Ω) is usually drawn much "
"like the capital letter omega (Ω) in the Greek alphabet (they may even be "
"the same in some fonts), but these are two different characters that have "
"different meanings."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:93
msgid ""
"The Unicode standard describes how characters are represented by **code "
"points**.  A code point is an integer value, usually denoted in base 16.  In "
"the standard, a code point is written using the notation ``U+12CA`` to mean "
"the character with value ``0x12ca`` (4,810 decimal).  The Unicode standard "
"contains a lot of tables listing characters and their corresponding code "
"points:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:107
msgid ""
"Strictly, these definitions imply that it's meaningless to say 'this is "
"character ``U+12CA``'.  ``U+12CA`` is a code point, which represents some "
"particular character; in this case, it represents the character 'ETHIOPIC "
"SYLLABLE WI'.  In informal contexts, this distinction between code points "
"and characters will sometimes be forgotten."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:113
msgid ""
"A character is represented on a screen or on paper by a set of graphical "
"elements that's called a **glyph**.  The glyph for an uppercase A, for "
"example, is two diagonal strokes and a horizontal stroke, though the exact "
"details will depend on the font being used.  Most Python code doesn't need "
"to worry about glyphs; figuring out the correct glyph to display is "
"generally the job of a GUI toolkit or a terminal's font renderer."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:122
msgid "Encodings"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:124
msgid ""
"To summarize the previous section: a Unicode string is a sequence of code "
"points, which are numbers from 0 through ``0x10FFFF`` (1,114,111 decimal).  "
"This sequence needs to be represented as a set of bytes (meaning, values "
"from 0 through 255) in memory.  The rules for translating a Unicode string "
"into a sequence of bytes are called an **encoding**."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:130
msgid ""
"The first encoding you might think of is an array of 32-bit integers.  In "
"this representation, the string \"Python\" would look like this:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:139
msgid ""
"This representation is straightforward but using it presents a number of "
"problems."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:142
msgid "It's not portable; different processors order the bytes differently."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:144
msgid ""
"It's very wasteful of space.  In most texts, the majority of the code points "
"are less than 127, or less than 255, so a lot of space is occupied by "
"``0x00`` bytes.  The above string takes 24 bytes compared to the 6 bytes "
"needed for an ASCII representation.  Increased RAM usage doesn't matter too "
"much (desktop computers have gigabytes of RAM, and strings aren't usually "
"that large), but expanding our usage of disk and network bandwidth by a "
"factor of 4 is intolerable."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:152
msgid ""
"It's not compatible with existing C functions such as ``strlen()``, so a new "
"family of wide string functions would need to be used."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:155
msgid ""
"Many Internet standards are defined in terms of textual data, and can't "
"handle content with embedded zero bytes."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:158
msgid ""
"Generally people don't use this encoding, instead choosing other encodings "
"that are more efficient and convenient.  UTF-8 is probably the most commonly "
"supported encoding; it will be discussed below."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:162
msgid ""
"Encodings don't have to handle every possible Unicode character, and most "
"encodings don't.  The rules for converting a Unicode string into the ASCII "
"encoding, for example, are simple; for each code point:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:166
msgid ""
"If the code point is < 128, each byte is the same as the value of the code "
"point."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:169
msgid ""
"If the code point is 128 or greater, the Unicode string can't be represented "
"in this encoding.  (Python raises a :exc:`UnicodeEncodeError` exception in "
"this case.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:173
msgid ""
"Latin-1, also known as ISO-8859-1, is a similar encoding.  Unicode code "
"points 0--255 are identical to the Latin-1 values, so converting to this "
"encoding simply requires converting code points to byte values; if a code "
"point larger than 255 is encountered, the string can't be encoded into "
"Latin-1."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:178
msgid ""
"Encodings don't have to be simple one-to-one mappings like Latin-1.  "
"Consider IBM's EBCDIC, which was used on IBM mainframes.  Letter values "
"weren't in one block: 'a' through 'i' had values from 129 to 137, but 'j' "
"through 'r' were 145 through 153.  If you wanted to use EBCDIC as an "
"encoding, you'd probably use some sort of lookup table to perform the "
"conversion, but this is largely an internal detail."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:185
msgid ""
"UTF-8 is one of the most commonly used encodings.  UTF stands for \"Unicode "
"Transformation Format\", and the '8' means that 8-bit numbers are used in "
"the encoding.  (There are also a UTF-16 and UTF-32 encodings, but they are "
"less frequently used than UTF-8.)  UTF-8 uses the following rules:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:190
msgid ""
"If the code point is < 128, it's represented by the corresponding byte value."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:191
msgid ""
"If the code point is >= 128, it's turned into a sequence of two, three, or "
"four bytes, where each byte of the sequence is between 128 and 255."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:194
msgid "UTF-8 has several convenient properties:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:196
msgid "It can handle any Unicode code point."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:197
msgid ""
"A Unicode string is turned into a sequence of bytes containing no embedded "
"zero bytes.  This avoids byte-ordering issues, and means UTF-8 strings can "
"be processed by C functions such as ``strcpy()`` and sent through protocols "
"that can't handle zero bytes."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:201
msgid "A string of ASCII text is also valid UTF-8 text."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:202
msgid ""
"UTF-8 is fairly compact; the majority of commonly used characters can be "
"represented with one or two bytes."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:204
msgid ""
"If bytes are corrupted or lost, it's possible to determine the start of the "
"next UTF-8-encoded code point and resynchronize.  It's also unlikely that "
"random 8-bit data will look like valid UTF-8."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:211 ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:485
#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:705
msgid "References"
msgstr "Références"

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:213
msgid ""
"The `Unicode Consortium site <http://www.unicode.org>`_ has character "
"charts, a glossary, and PDF versions of the Unicode specification.  Be "
"prepared for some difficult reading.  `A chronology <http://www.unicode.org/"
"history/>`_ of the origin and development of Unicode is also available on "
"the site."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:218
msgid ""
"To help understand the standard, Jukka Korpela has written `an introductory "
"guide <http://jkorpela.fi/unicode/guide.html>`_ to reading the Unicode "
"character tables."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:222
msgid ""
"Another `good introductory article <https://www.joelonsoftware."
"com/2003/10/08/the-absolute-minimum-every-software-developer-absolutely-"
"positively-must-know-about-unicode-and-character-sets-no-excuses/>`_ was "
"written by Joel Spolsky. If this introduction didn't make things clear to "
"you, you should try reading this alternate article before continuing."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:227
msgid ""
"Wikipedia entries are often helpful; see the entries for \"`character "
"encoding <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding>`_\" and `UTF-8 "
"<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8>`_, for example."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:233
msgid "Python's Unicode Support"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:235
msgid ""
"Now that you've learned the rudiments of Unicode, we can look at Python's "
"Unicode features."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:239
msgid "The String Type"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:241
msgid ""
"Since Python 3.0, the language features a :class:`str` type that contain "
"Unicode characters, meaning any string created using ``\"unicode rocks!\"``, "
"``'unicode rocks!'``, or the triple-quoted string syntax is stored as "
"Unicode."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:245
msgid ""
"The default encoding for Python source code is UTF-8, so you can simply "
"include a Unicode character in a string literal::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:255
msgid ""
"You can use a different encoding from UTF-8 by putting a specially-formatted "
"comment as the first or second line of the source code::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:260
msgid ""
"Side note: Python 3 also supports using Unicode characters in identifiers::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:266
msgid ""
"If you can't enter a particular character in your editor or want to keep the "
"source code ASCII-only for some reason, you can also use escape sequences in "
"string literals. (Depending on your system, you may see the actual capital-"
"delta glyph instead of a \\u escape.) ::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:278
msgid ""
"In addition, one can create a string using the :func:`~bytes.decode` method "
"of :class:`bytes`.  This method takes an *encoding* argument, such as "
"``UTF-8``, and optionally an *errors* argument."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:282
msgid ""
"The *errors* argument specifies the response when the input string can't be "
"converted according to the encoding's rules.  Legal values for this argument "
"are ``'strict'`` (raise a :exc:`UnicodeDecodeError` exception), "
"``'replace'`` (use ``U+FFFD``, ``REPLACEMENT CHARACTER``), ``'ignore'`` "
"(just leave the character out of the Unicode result), or "
"``'backslashreplace'`` (inserts a ``\\xNN`` escape sequence). The following "
"examples show the differences::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:302
msgid ""
"Encodings are specified as strings containing the encoding's name.  Python "
"3.2 comes with roughly 100 different encodings; see the Python Library "
"Reference at :ref:`standard-encodings` for a list.  Some encodings have "
"multiple names; for example, ``'latin-1'``, ``'iso_8859_1'`` and ``'8859``' "
"are all synonyms for the same encoding."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:308
msgid ""
"One-character Unicode strings can also be created with the :func:`chr` built-"
"in function, which takes integers and returns a Unicode string of length 1 "
"that contains the corresponding code point.  The reverse operation is the "
"built-in :func:`ord` function that takes a one-character Unicode string and "
"returns the code point value::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:320
msgid "Converting to Bytes"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:322
msgid ""
"The opposite method of :meth:`bytes.decode` is :meth:`str.encode`, which "
"returns a :class:`bytes` representation of the Unicode string, encoded in "
"the requested *encoding*."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:326
msgid ""
"The *errors* parameter is the same as the parameter of the :meth:`~bytes."
"decode` method but supports a few more possible handlers. As well as "
"``'strict'``, ``'ignore'``, and ``'replace'`` (which in this case inserts a "
"question mark instead of the unencodable character), there is also "
"``'xmlcharrefreplace'`` (inserts an XML character reference), "
"``backslashreplace`` (inserts a ``\\uNNNN`` escape sequence) and "
"``namereplace`` (inserts a ``\\N{...}`` escape sequence)."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:334
msgid "The following example shows the different results::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:355
msgid ""
"The low-level routines for registering and accessing the available encodings "
"are found in the :mod:`codecs` module.  Implementing new encodings also "
"requires understanding the :mod:`codecs` module. However, the encoding and "
"decoding functions returned by this module are usually more low-level than "
"is comfortable, and writing new encodings is a specialized task, so the "
"module won't be covered in this HOWTO."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:364
msgid "Unicode Literals in Python Source Code"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:366
msgid ""
"In Python source code, specific Unicode code points can be written using the "
"``\\u`` escape sequence, which is followed by four hex digits giving the "
"code point.  The ``\\U`` escape sequence is similar, but expects eight hex "
"digits, not four::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:378
msgid ""
"Using escape sequences for code points greater than 127 is fine in small "
"doses, but becomes an annoyance if you're using many accented characters, as "
"you would in a program with messages in French or some other accent-using "
"language.  You can also assemble strings using the :func:`chr` built-in "
"function, but this is even more tedious."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:384
msgid ""
"Ideally, you'd want to be able to write literals in your language's natural "
"encoding.  You could then edit Python source code with your favorite editor "
"which would display the accented characters naturally, and have the right "
"characters used at runtime."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:389
msgid ""
"Python supports writing source code in UTF-8 by default, but you can use "
"almost any encoding if you declare the encoding being used.  This is done by "
"including a special comment as either the first or second line of the source "
"file::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:399
msgid ""
"The syntax is inspired by Emacs's notation for specifying variables local to "
"a file.  Emacs supports many different variables, but Python only supports "
"'coding'.  The ``-*-`` symbols indicate to Emacs that the comment is "
"special; they have no significance to Python but are a convention.  Python "
"looks for ``coding: name`` or ``coding=name`` in the comment."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:405
msgid ""
"If you don't include such a comment, the default encoding used will be UTF-8 "
"as already mentioned.  See also :pep:`263` for more information."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:410
msgid "Unicode Properties"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:412
msgid ""
"The Unicode specification includes a database of information about code "
"points. For each defined code point, the information includes the "
"character's name, its category, the numeric value if applicable (Unicode has "
"characters representing the Roman numerals and fractions such as one-third "
"and four-fifths).  There are also properties related to the code point's use "
"in bidirectional text and other display-related properties."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:419
msgid ""
"The following program displays some information about several characters, "
"and prints the numeric value of one particular character::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:433
msgid "When run, this prints:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:444
msgid ""
"The category codes are abbreviations describing the nature of the character. "
"These are grouped into categories such as \"Letter\", \"Number\", "
"\"Punctuation\", or \"Symbol\", which in turn are broken up into "
"subcategories.  To take the codes from the above output, ``'Ll'`` means "
"'Letter, lowercase', ``'No'`` means \"Number, other\", ``'Mn'`` is \"Mark, "
"nonspacing\", and ``'So'`` is \"Symbol, other\".  See `the General Category "
"Values section of the Unicode Character Database documentation <http://www."
"unicode.org/reports/tr44/#General_Category_Values>`_ for a list of category "
"codes."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:455
msgid "Unicode Regular Expressions"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:457
msgid ""
"The regular expressions supported by the :mod:`re` module can be provided "
"either as bytes or strings.  Some of the special character sequences such as "
"``\\d`` and ``\\w`` have different meanings depending on whether the pattern "
"is supplied as bytes or a string.  For example, ``\\d`` will match the "
"characters ``[0-9]`` in bytes but in strings will match any character that's "
"in the ``'Nd'`` category."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:464
msgid ""
"The string in this example has the number 57 written in both Thai and Arabic "
"numerals::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:474
msgid ""
"When executed, ``\\d+`` will match the Thai numerals and print them out.  If "
"you supply the :const:`re.ASCII` flag to :func:`~re.compile`, ``\\d+`` will "
"match the substring \"57\" instead."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:478
msgid ""
"Similarly, ``\\w`` matches a wide variety of Unicode characters but only "
"``[a-zA-Z0-9_]`` in bytes or if :const:`re.ASCII` is supplied, and ``\\s`` "
"will match either Unicode whitespace characters or ``[ \\t\\n\\r\\f\\v]``."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:489
msgid "Some good alternative discussions of Python's Unicode support are:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:491
msgid ""
"`Processing Text Files in Python 3 <http://python-notes.curiousefficiency."
"org/en/latest/python3/text_file_processing.html>`_, by Nick Coghlan."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:492
msgid ""
"`Pragmatic Unicode <https://nedbatchelder.com/text/unipain.html>`_, a PyCon "
"2012 presentation by Ned Batchelder."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:494
msgid ""
"The :class:`str` type is described in the Python library reference at :ref:"
"`textseq`."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:497
msgid "The documentation for the :mod:`unicodedata` module."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:499
msgid "The documentation for the :mod:`codecs` module."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:501
msgid ""
"Marc-André Lemburg gave `a presentation titled \"Python and Unicode\" (PDF "
"slides) <https://downloads.egenix.com/python/Unicode-EPC2002-Talk.pdf>`_ at "
"EuroPython 2002.  The slides are an excellent overview of the design of "
"Python 2's Unicode features (where the Unicode string type is called "
"``unicode`` and literals start with ``u``)."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:509
msgid "Reading and Writing Unicode Data"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:511
msgid ""
"Once you've written some code that works with Unicode data, the next problem "
"is input/output.  How do you get Unicode strings into your program, and how "
"do you convert Unicode into a form suitable for storage or transmission?"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:515
msgid ""
"It's possible that you may not need to do anything depending on your input "
"sources and output destinations; you should check whether the libraries used "
"in your application support Unicode natively.  XML parsers often return "
"Unicode data, for example.  Many relational databases also support Unicode-"
"valued columns and can return Unicode values from an SQL query."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:521
msgid ""
"Unicode data is usually converted to a particular encoding before it gets "
"written to disk or sent over a socket.  It's possible to do all the work "
"yourself: open a file, read an 8-bit bytes object from it, and convert the "
"bytes with ``bytes.decode(encoding)``.  However, the manual approach is not "
"recommended."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:526
msgid ""
"One problem is the multi-byte nature of encodings; one Unicode character can "
"be represented by several bytes.  If you want to read the file in arbitrary-"
"sized chunks (say, 1024 or 4096 bytes), you need to write error-handling "
"code to catch the case where only part of the bytes encoding a single "
"Unicode character are read at the end of a chunk.  One solution would be to "
"read the entire file into memory and then perform the decoding, but that "
"prevents you from working with files that are extremely large; if you need "
"to read a 2 GiB file, you need 2 GiB of RAM. (More, really, since for at "
"least a moment you'd need to have both the encoded string and its Unicode "
"version in memory.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:536
msgid ""
"The solution would be to use the low-level decoding interface to catch the "
"case of partial coding sequences.  The work of implementing this has already "
"been done for you: the built-in :func:`open` function can return a file-like "
"object that assumes the file's contents are in a specified encoding and "
"accepts Unicode parameters for methods such as :meth:`~io.TextIOBase.read` "
"and :meth:`~io.TextIOBase.write`.  This works through :func:`open`\\'s "
"*encoding* and *errors* parameters which are interpreted just like those in :"
"meth:`str.encode` and :meth:`bytes.decode`."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:545
msgid "Reading Unicode from a file is therefore simple::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:551
msgid ""
"It's also possible to open files in update mode, allowing both reading and "
"writing::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:559
msgid ""
"The Unicode character ``U+FEFF`` is used as a byte-order mark (BOM), and is "
"often written as the first character of a file in order to assist with "
"autodetection of the file's byte ordering.  Some encodings, such as UTF-16, "
"expect a BOM to be present at the start of a file; when such an encoding is "
"used, the BOM will be automatically written as the first character and will "
"be silently dropped when the file is read.  There are variants of these "
"encodings, such as 'utf-16-le' and 'utf-16-be' for little-endian and big-"
"endian encodings, that specify one particular byte ordering and don't skip "
"the BOM."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:568
msgid ""
"In some areas, it is also convention to use a \"BOM\" at the start of UTF-8 "
"encoded files; the name is misleading since UTF-8 is not byte-order "
"dependent. The mark simply announces that the file is encoded in UTF-8.  Use "
"the 'utf-8-sig' codec to automatically skip the mark if present for reading "
"such files."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:576
msgid "Unicode filenames"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:578
msgid ""
"Most of the operating systems in common use today support filenames that "
"contain arbitrary Unicode characters.  Usually this is implemented by "
"converting the Unicode string into some encoding that varies depending on "
"the system.  For example, Mac OS X uses UTF-8 while Windows uses a "
"configurable encoding; on Windows, Python uses the name \"mbcs\" to refer to "
"whatever the currently configured encoding is.  On Unix systems, there will "
"only be a filesystem encoding if you've set the ``LANG`` or ``LC_CTYPE`` "
"environment variables; if you haven't, the default encoding is UTF-8."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:587
msgid ""
"The :func:`sys.getfilesystemencoding` function returns the encoding to use "
"on your current system, in case you want to do the encoding manually, but "
"there's not much reason to bother.  When opening a file for reading or "
"writing, you can usually just provide the Unicode string as the filename, "
"and it will be automatically converted to the right encoding for you::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:597
msgid ""
"Functions in the :mod:`os` module such as :func:`os.stat` will also accept "
"Unicode filenames."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:600
msgid ""
"The :func:`os.listdir` function returns filenames and raises an issue: "
"should it return the Unicode version of filenames, or should it return bytes "
"containing the encoded versions?  :func:`os.listdir` will do both, depending "
"on whether you provided the directory path as bytes or a Unicode string.  If "
"you pass a Unicode string as the path, filenames will be decoded using the "
"filesystem's encoding and a list of Unicode strings will be returned, while "
"passing a byte path will return the filenames as bytes.  For example, "
"assuming the default filesystem encoding is UTF-8, running the following "
"program::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:618
msgid "will produce the following output:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:626
msgid ""
"The first list contains UTF-8-encoded filenames, and the second list "
"contains the Unicode versions."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:629
msgid ""
"Note that on most occasions, the Unicode APIs should be used.  The bytes "
"APIs should only be used on systems where undecodable file names can be "
"present, i.e. Unix systems."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:635
msgid "Tips for Writing Unicode-aware Programs"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:637
msgid ""
"This section provides some suggestions on writing software that deals with "
"Unicode."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:640
msgid "The most important tip is:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:642
msgid ""
"Software should only work with Unicode strings internally, decoding the "
"input data as soon as possible and encoding the output only at the end."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:645
msgid ""
"If you attempt to write processing functions that accept both Unicode and "
"byte strings, you will find your program vulnerable to bugs wherever you "
"combine the two different kinds of strings.  There is no automatic encoding "
"or decoding: if you do e.g. ``str + bytes``, a :exc:`TypeError` will be "
"raised."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:650
msgid ""
"When using data coming from a web browser or some other untrusted source, a "
"common technique is to check for illegal characters in a string before using "
"the string in a generated command line or storing it in a database.  If "
"you're doing this, be careful to check the decoded string, not the encoded "
"bytes data; some encodings may have interesting properties, such as not "
"being bijective or not being fully ASCII-compatible.  This is especially "
"true if the input data also specifies the encoding, since the attacker can "
"then choose a clever way to hide malicious text in the encoded bytestream."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:661
msgid "Converting Between File Encodings"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:663
msgid ""
"The :class:`~codecs.StreamRecoder` class can transparently convert between "
"encodings, taking a stream that returns data in encoding #1 and behaving "
"like a stream returning data in encoding #2."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:667
msgid ""
"For example, if you have an input file *f* that's in Latin-1, you can wrap "
"it with a :class:`~codecs.StreamRecoder` to return bytes encoded in UTF-8::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:681
msgid "Files in an Unknown Encoding"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:683
msgid ""
"What can you do if you need to make a change to a file, but don't know the "
"file's encoding?  If you know the encoding is ASCII-compatible and only want "
"to examine or modify the ASCII parts, you can open the file with the "
"``surrogateescape`` error handler::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:697
msgid ""
"The ``surrogateescape`` error handler will decode any non-ASCII bytes as "
"code points in the Unicode Private Use Area ranging from U+DC80 to U+DCFF.  "
"These private code points will then be turned back into the same bytes when "
"the ``surrogateescape`` error handler is used when encoding the data and "
"writing it back out."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:707
msgid ""
"One section of `Mastering Python 3 Input/Output <http://pyvideo.org/"
"video/289/pycon-2010--mastering-python-3-i-o>`_, a PyCon 2010 talk by David "
"Beazley, discusses text processing and binary data handling."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:711
msgid ""
"The `PDF slides for Marc-André Lemburg's presentation \"Writing Unicode-"
"aware Applications in Python\" <https://downloads.egenix.com/python/LSM2005-"
"Developing-Unicode-aware-applications-in-Python.pdf>`_ discuss questions of "
"character encodings as well as how to internationalize and localize an "
"application.  These slides cover Python 2.x only."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:717
msgid ""
"`The Guts of Unicode in Python <http://pyvideo.org/video/1768/the-guts-of-"
"unicode-in-python>`_ is a PyCon 2013 talk by Benjamin Peterson that "
"discusses the internal Unicode representation in Python 3.3."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:724
msgid "Acknowledgements"
msgstr "Remerciements"

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:726
msgid ""
"The initial draft of this document was written by Andrew Kuchling. It has "
"since been revised further by Alexander Belopolsky, Georg Brandl, Andrew "
"Kuchling, and Ezio Melotti."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:730
msgid ""
"Thanks to the following people who have noted errors or offered suggestions "
"on this article: Éric Araujo, Nicholas Bastin, Nick Coghlan, Marius "
"Gedminas, Kent Johnson, Ken Krugler, Marc-André Lemburg, Martin von Löwis, "
"Terry J. Reedy, Chad Whitacre."
msgstr ""
