forked from AFPy/python-docs-fr
854 lines
28 KiB
Plaintext
854 lines
28 KiB
Plaintext
# Copyright (C) 2001-2018, Python Software Foundation
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# For licence information, see README file.
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#
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#, fuzzy
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msgid ""
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msgstr ""
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"Project-Id-Version: Python 3.6\n"
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"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
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"POT-Creation-Date: 2018-06-28 15:29+0200\n"
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"PO-Revision-Date: 2018-02-15 00:37+0100\n"
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"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
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"Language-Team: FRENCH <traductions@lists.afpy.org>\n"
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"Language: fr\n"
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"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
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"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
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"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:5
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msgid "Library and Extension FAQ"
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msgstr "FAQ sur la bibliothèque et les extension"
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:8
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msgid "Contents"
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msgstr "Sommaire"
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:12
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msgid "General Library Questions"
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msgstr "Questions générales sur la bibliothèque"
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:15
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msgid "How do I find a module or application to perform task X?"
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msgstr ""
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"Comment puis-je trouver un module ou une application pour exécuter la tâche "
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"X?"
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:17
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msgid ""
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"Check :ref:`the Library Reference <library-index>` to see if there's a "
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"relevant standard library module. (Eventually you'll learn what's in the "
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"standard library and will be able to skip this step.)"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:21
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msgid ""
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"For third-party packages, search the `Python Package Index <https://pypi."
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"org>`_ or try `Google <https://www.google.com>`_ or another Web search "
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"engine. Searching for \"Python\" plus a keyword or two for your topic of "
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"interest will usually find something helpful."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:28
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msgid "Where is the math.py (socket.py, regex.py, etc.) source file?"
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msgstr "Où se situe le fichier source math.py (socket.py, regex.py, etc.)?"
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:30
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msgid ""
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"If you can't find a source file for a module it may be a built-in or "
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"dynamically loaded module implemented in C, C++ or other compiled language. "
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"In this case you may not have the source file or it may be something like :"
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"file:`mathmodule.c`, somewhere in a C source directory (not on the Python "
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"Path)."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:35
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msgid "There are (at least) three kinds of modules in Python:"
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msgstr "Il y a (au moins) trois types de modules dans Python"
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:37
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msgid "modules written in Python (.py);"
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msgstr "modules écrits en Python (.py);"
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:38
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msgid ""
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"modules written in C and dynamically loaded (.dll, .pyd, .so, .sl, etc);"
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msgstr ""
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"modules écrits en C et chargés dynamiquement (.dll, .pyd, .so, .sl, .etc);"
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:39
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msgid ""
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"modules written in C and linked with the interpreter; to get a list of "
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"these, type::"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:47
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msgid "How do I make a Python script executable on Unix?"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:49
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msgid ""
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"You need to do two things: the script file's mode must be executable and the "
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"first line must begin with ``#!`` followed by the path of the Python "
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"interpreter."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:53
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msgid ""
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"The first is done by executing ``chmod +x scriptfile`` or perhaps ``chmod "
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"755 scriptfile``."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:56
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msgid ""
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"The second can be done in a number of ways. The most straightforward way is "
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"to write ::"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:61
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msgid ""
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"as the very first line of your file, using the pathname for where the Python "
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"interpreter is installed on your platform."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:64
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msgid ""
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"If you would like the script to be independent of where the Python "
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"interpreter lives, you can use the :program:`env` program. Almost all Unix "
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"variants support the following, assuming the Python interpreter is in a "
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"directory on the user's :envvar:`PATH`::"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:71
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msgid ""
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"*Don't* do this for CGI scripts. The :envvar:`PATH` variable for CGI "
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"scripts is often very minimal, so you need to use the actual absolute "
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"pathname of the interpreter."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:75
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msgid ""
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"Occasionally, a user's environment is so full that the :program:`/usr/bin/"
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"env` program fails; or there's no env program at all. In that case, you can "
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"try the following hack (due to Alex Rezinsky):"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:86
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msgid ""
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"The minor disadvantage is that this defines the script's __doc__ string. "
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"However, you can fix that by adding ::"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:94
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msgid "Is there a curses/termcap package for Python?"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:98
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msgid ""
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"For Unix variants: The standard Python source distribution comes with a "
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"curses module in the :source:`Modules` subdirectory, though it's not "
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"compiled by default. (Note that this is not available in the Windows "
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"distribution -- there is no curses module for Windows.)"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:103
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msgid ""
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"The :mod:`curses` module supports basic curses features as well as many "
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"additional functions from ncurses and SYSV curses such as colour, "
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"alternative character set support, pads, and mouse support. This means the "
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"module isn't compatible with operating systems that only have BSD curses, "
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"but there don't seem to be any currently maintained OSes that fall into this "
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"category."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:109
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msgid ""
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"For Windows: use `the consolelib module <http://effbot.org/zone/console-"
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"index.htm>`_."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:114
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msgid "Is there an equivalent to C's onexit() in Python?"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:116
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msgid ""
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"The :mod:`atexit` module provides a register function that is similar to "
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"C's :c:func:`onexit`."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:121
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msgid "Why don't my signal handlers work?"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:123
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msgid ""
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"The most common problem is that the signal handler is declared with the "
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"wrong argument list. It is called as ::"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:128
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msgid "so it should be declared with two arguments::"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:135
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msgid "Common tasks"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:138
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msgid "How do I test a Python program or component?"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:140
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msgid ""
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"Python comes with two testing frameworks. The :mod:`doctest` module finds "
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"examples in the docstrings for a module and runs them, comparing the output "
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"with the expected output given in the docstring."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:144
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msgid ""
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"The :mod:`unittest` module is a fancier testing framework modelled on Java "
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"and Smalltalk testing frameworks."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:147
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msgid ""
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"To make testing easier, you should use good modular design in your program. "
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"Your program should have almost all functionality encapsulated in either "
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"functions or class methods -- and this sometimes has the surprising and "
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"delightful effect of making the program run faster (because local variable "
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"accesses are faster than global accesses). Furthermore the program should "
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"avoid depending on mutating global variables, since this makes testing much "
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"more difficult to do."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:155
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msgid "The \"global main logic\" of your program may be as simple as ::"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:160
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msgid "at the bottom of the main module of your program."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:162
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msgid ""
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"Once your program is organized as a tractable collection of functions and "
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"class behaviours you should write test functions that exercise the "
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"behaviours. A test suite that automates a sequence of tests can be "
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"associated with each module. This sounds like a lot of work, but since "
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"Python is so terse and flexible it's surprisingly easy. You can make coding "
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"much more pleasant and fun by writing your test functions in parallel with "
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"the \"production code\", since this makes it easy to find bugs and even "
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"design flaws earlier."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:170
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msgid ""
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"\"Support modules\" that are not intended to be the main module of a program "
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"may include a self-test of the module. ::"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:176
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msgid ""
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"Even programs that interact with complex external interfaces may be tested "
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"when the external interfaces are unavailable by using \"fake\" interfaces "
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"implemented in Python."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:182
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msgid "How do I create documentation from doc strings?"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:184
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msgid ""
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"The :mod:`pydoc` module can create HTML from the doc strings in your Python "
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"source code. An alternative for creating API documentation purely from "
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"docstrings is `epydoc <http://epydoc.sourceforge.net/>`_. `Sphinx <http://"
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"sphinx-doc.org>`_ can also include docstring content."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:191
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msgid "How do I get a single keypress at a time?"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:193
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msgid ""
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"For Unix variants there are several solutions. It's straightforward to do "
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"this using curses, but curses is a fairly large module to learn."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:237
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msgid "Threads"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:240
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msgid "How do I program using threads?"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:242
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msgid ""
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"Be sure to use the :mod:`threading` module and not the :mod:`_thread` "
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"module. The :mod:`threading` module builds convenient abstractions on top of "
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"the low-level primitives provided by the :mod:`_thread` module."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:246
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msgid ""
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"Aahz has a set of slides from his threading tutorial that are helpful; see "
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"http://www.pythoncraft.com/OSCON2001/."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:251
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msgid "None of my threads seem to run: why?"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:253
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msgid ""
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"As soon as the main thread exits, all threads are killed. Your main thread "
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"is running too quickly, giving the threads no time to do any work."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:256
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msgid ""
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"A simple fix is to add a sleep to the end of the program that's long enough "
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"for all the threads to finish::"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:271
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msgid ""
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"But now (on many platforms) the threads don't run in parallel, but appear to "
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"run sequentially, one at a time! The reason is that the OS thread scheduler "
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"doesn't start a new thread until the previous thread is blocked."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:275
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msgid "A simple fix is to add a tiny sleep to the start of the run function::"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:288
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msgid ""
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"Instead of trying to guess a good delay value for :func:`time.sleep`, it's "
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"better to use some kind of semaphore mechanism. One idea is to use the :mod:"
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"`queue` module to create a queue object, let each thread append a token to "
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"the queue when it finishes, and let the main thread read as many tokens from "
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"the queue as there are threads."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:296
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msgid "How do I parcel out work among a bunch of worker threads?"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:298
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msgid ""
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"The easiest way is to use the new :mod:`concurrent.futures` module, "
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"especially the :mod:`~concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor` class."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:301
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msgid ""
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"Or, if you want fine control over the dispatching algorithm, you can write "
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"your own logic manually. Use the :mod:`queue` module to create a queue "
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"containing a list of jobs. The :class:`~queue.Queue` class maintains a list "
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"of objects and has a ``.put(obj)`` method that adds items to the queue and a "
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"``.get()`` method to return them. The class will take care of the locking "
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"necessary to ensure that each job is handed out exactly once."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:308
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msgid "Here's a trivial example::"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:346
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msgid "When run, this will produce the following output:"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:364
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msgid ""
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"Consult the module's documentation for more details; the :class:`~queue."
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"Queue` class provides a featureful interface."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:369
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msgid "What kinds of global value mutation are thread-safe?"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:371
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msgid ""
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"A :term:`global interpreter lock` (GIL) is used internally to ensure that "
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"only one thread runs in the Python VM at a time. In general, Python offers "
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"to switch among threads only between bytecode instructions; how frequently "
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"it switches can be set via :func:`sys.setswitchinterval`. Each bytecode "
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"instruction and therefore all the C implementation code reached from each "
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"instruction is therefore atomic from the point of view of a Python program."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:378
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msgid ""
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"In theory, this means an exact accounting requires an exact understanding of "
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"the PVM bytecode implementation. In practice, it means that operations on "
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"shared variables of built-in data types (ints, lists, dicts, etc) that "
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"\"look atomic\" really are."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:383
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msgid ""
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"For example, the following operations are all atomic (L, L1, L2 are lists, "
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"D, D1, D2 are dicts, x, y are objects, i, j are ints)::"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:398
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msgid "These aren't::"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:405
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msgid ""
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"Operations that replace other objects may invoke those other objects' :meth:"
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"`__del__` method when their reference count reaches zero, and that can "
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"affect things. This is especially true for the mass updates to dictionaries "
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"and lists. When in doubt, use a mutex!"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:412
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msgid "Can't we get rid of the Global Interpreter Lock?"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:416
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msgid ""
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"The :term:`global interpreter lock` (GIL) is often seen as a hindrance to "
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"Python's deployment on high-end multiprocessor server machines, because a "
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"multi-threaded Python program effectively only uses one CPU, due to the "
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"insistence that (almost) all Python code can only run while the GIL is held."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:421
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msgid ""
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"Back in the days of Python 1.5, Greg Stein actually implemented a "
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"comprehensive patch set (the \"free threading\" patches) that removed the "
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"GIL and replaced it with fine-grained locking. Adam Olsen recently did a "
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"similar experiment in his `python-safethread <https://code.google.com/"
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"archive/p/python-safethread>`_ project. Unfortunately, both experiments "
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"exhibited a sharp drop in single-thread performance (at least 30% slower), "
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"due to the amount of fine-grained locking necessary to compensate for the "
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"removal of the GIL."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:429
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msgid ""
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"This doesn't mean that you can't make good use of Python on multi-CPU "
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"machines! You just have to be creative with dividing the work up between "
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"multiple *processes* rather than multiple *threads*. The :class:"
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"`~concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor` class in the new :mod:`concurrent."
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"futures` module provides an easy way of doing so; the :mod:`multiprocessing` "
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"module provides a lower-level API in case you want more control over "
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"dispatching of tasks."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:437
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msgid ""
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"Judicious use of C extensions will also help; if you use a C extension to "
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"perform a time-consuming task, the extension can release the GIL while the "
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"thread of execution is in the C code and allow other threads to get some "
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"work done. Some standard library modules such as :mod:`zlib` and :mod:"
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"`hashlib` already do this."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:443
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msgid ""
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"It has been suggested that the GIL should be a per-interpreter-state lock "
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"rather than truly global; interpreters then wouldn't be able to share "
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"objects. Unfortunately, this isn't likely to happen either. It would be a "
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"tremendous amount of work, because many object implementations currently "
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"have global state. For example, small integers and short strings are cached; "
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"these caches would have to be moved to the interpreter state. Other object "
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"types have their own free list; these free lists would have to be moved to "
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"the interpreter state. And so on."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:452
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msgid ""
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"And I doubt that it can even be done in finite time, because the same "
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"problem exists for 3rd party extensions. It is likely that 3rd party "
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"extensions are being written at a faster rate than you can convert them to "
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"store all their global state in the interpreter state."
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:457
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msgid ""
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"And finally, once you have multiple interpreters not sharing any state, what "
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"have you gained over running each interpreter in a separate process?"
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msgstr ""
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#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:462
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|
msgid "Input and Output"
|
|
msgstr "Les entrées/sorties"
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:465
|
|
msgid "How do I delete a file? (And other file questions...)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:467
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use ``os.remove(filename)`` or ``os.unlink(filename)``; for documentation, "
|
|
"see the :mod:`os` module. The two functions are identical; :func:`~os."
|
|
"unlink` is simply the name of the Unix system call for this function."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:471
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To remove a directory, use :func:`os.rmdir`; use :func:`os.mkdir` to create "
|
|
"one. ``os.makedirs(path)`` will create any intermediate directories in "
|
|
"``path`` that don't exist. ``os.removedirs(path)`` will remove intermediate "
|
|
"directories as long as they're empty; if you want to delete an entire "
|
|
"directory tree and its contents, use :func:`shutil.rmtree`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:477
|
|
msgid "To rename a file, use ``os.rename(old_path, new_path)``."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:479
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To truncate a file, open it using ``f = open(filename, \"rb+\")``, and use "
|
|
"``f.truncate(offset)``; offset defaults to the current seek position. "
|
|
"There's also ``os.ftruncate(fd, offset)`` for files opened with :func:`os."
|
|
"open`, where *fd* is the file descriptor (a small integer)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:484
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The :mod:`shutil` module also contains a number of functions to work on "
|
|
"files including :func:`~shutil.copyfile`, :func:`~shutil.copytree`, and :"
|
|
"func:`~shutil.rmtree`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:490
|
|
msgid "How do I copy a file?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:492
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The :mod:`shutil` module contains a :func:`~shutil.copyfile` function. Note "
|
|
"that on MacOS 9 it doesn't copy the resource fork and Finder info."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:497
|
|
msgid "How do I read (or write) binary data?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:499
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To read or write complex binary data formats, it's best to use the :mod:"
|
|
"`struct` module. It allows you to take a string containing binary data "
|
|
"(usually numbers) and convert it to Python objects; and vice versa."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:503
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For example, the following code reads two 2-byte integers and one 4-byte "
|
|
"integer in big-endian format from a file::"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:512
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The '>' in the format string forces big-endian data; the letter 'h' reads "
|
|
"one \"short integer\" (2 bytes), and 'l' reads one \"long integer\" (4 "
|
|
"bytes) from the string."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:516
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For data that is more regular (e.g. a homogeneous list of ints or floats), "
|
|
"you can also use the :mod:`array` module."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:521
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To read and write binary data, it is mandatory to open the file in binary "
|
|
"mode (here, passing ``\"rb\"`` to :func:`open`). If you use ``\"r\"`` "
|
|
"instead (the default), the file will be open in text mode and ``f.read()`` "
|
|
"will return :class:`str` objects rather than :class:`bytes` objects."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:529
|
|
msgid "I can't seem to use os.read() on a pipe created with os.popen(); why?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:531
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
":func:`os.read` is a low-level function which takes a file descriptor, a "
|
|
"small integer representing the opened file. :func:`os.popen` creates a high-"
|
|
"level file object, the same type returned by the built-in :func:`open` "
|
|
"function. Thus, to read *n* bytes from a pipe *p* created with :func:`os."
|
|
"popen`, you need to use ``p.read(n)``."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:618
|
|
msgid "How do I access the serial (RS232) port?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:620
|
|
msgid "For Win32, POSIX (Linux, BSD, etc.), Jython:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:622
|
|
msgid "http://pyserial.sourceforge.net"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:624
|
|
msgid "For Unix, see a Usenet post by Mitch Chapman:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:626
|
|
msgid "https://groups.google.com/groups?selm=34A04430.CF9@ohioee.com"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:630
|
|
msgid "Why doesn't closing sys.stdout (stdin, stderr) really close it?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:632
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Python :term:`file objects <file object>` are a high-level layer of "
|
|
"abstraction on low-level C file descriptors."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:635
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For most file objects you create in Python via the built-in :func:`open` "
|
|
"function, ``f.close()`` marks the Python file object as being closed from "
|
|
"Python's point of view, and also arranges to close the underlying C file "
|
|
"descriptor. This also happens automatically in ``f``'s destructor, when "
|
|
"``f`` becomes garbage."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:641
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"But stdin, stdout and stderr are treated specially by Python, because of the "
|
|
"special status also given to them by C. Running ``sys.stdout.close()`` "
|
|
"marks the Python-level file object as being closed, but does *not* close the "
|
|
"associated C file descriptor."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:646
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To close the underlying C file descriptor for one of these three, you should "
|
|
"first be sure that's what you really want to do (e.g., you may confuse "
|
|
"extension modules trying to do I/O). If it is, use :func:`os.close`::"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:654
|
|
msgid "Or you can use the numeric constants 0, 1 and 2, respectively."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:658
|
|
msgid "Network/Internet Programming"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:661
|
|
msgid "What WWW tools are there for Python?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:663
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See the chapters titled :ref:`internet` and :ref:`netdata` in the Library "
|
|
"Reference Manual. Python has many modules that will help you build server-"
|
|
"side and client-side web systems."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:669
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A summary of available frameworks is maintained by Paul Boddie at https://"
|
|
"wiki.python.org/moin/WebProgramming\\ ."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:672
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Cameron Laird maintains a useful set of pages about Python web technologies "
|
|
"at http://phaseit.net/claird/comp.lang.python/web_python."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:677
|
|
msgid "How can I mimic CGI form submission (METHOD=POST)?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:679
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"I would like to retrieve web pages that are the result of POSTing a form. Is "
|
|
"there existing code that would let me do this easily?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:682
|
|
msgid "Yes. Here's a simple example that uses urllib.request::"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:697
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that in general for percent-encoded POST operations, query strings must "
|
|
"be quoted using :func:`urllib.parse.urlencode`. For example, to send "
|
|
"``name=Guy Steele, Jr.``::"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:705
|
|
msgid ":ref:`urllib-howto` for extensive examples."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:709
|
|
msgid "What module should I use to help with generating HTML?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:713
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can find a collection of useful links on the `Web Programming wiki page "
|
|
"<https://wiki.python.org/moin/WebProgramming>`_."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:718
|
|
msgid "How do I send mail from a Python script?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:720
|
|
msgid "Use the standard library module :mod:`smtplib`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:722
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Here's a very simple interactive mail sender that uses it. This method will "
|
|
"work on any host that supports an SMTP listener. ::"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:742
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A Unix-only alternative uses sendmail. The location of the sendmail program "
|
|
"varies between systems; sometimes it is ``/usr/lib/sendmail``, sometimes ``/"
|
|
"usr/sbin/sendmail``. The sendmail manual page will help you out. Here's "
|
|
"some sample code::"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:762
|
|
msgid "How do I avoid blocking in the connect() method of a socket?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:764
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The :mod:`select` module is commonly used to help with asynchronous I/O on "
|
|
"sockets."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:767
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To prevent the TCP connect from blocking, you can set the socket to non-"
|
|
"blocking mode. Then when you do the ``connect()``, you will either connect "
|
|
"immediately (unlikely) or get an exception that contains the error number as "
|
|
"``.errno``. ``errno.EINPROGRESS`` indicates that the connection is in "
|
|
"progress, but hasn't finished yet. Different OSes will return different "
|
|
"values, so you're going to have to check what's returned on your system."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:774
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can use the ``connect_ex()`` method to avoid creating an exception. It "
|
|
"will just return the errno value. To poll, you can call ``connect_ex()`` "
|
|
"again later -- ``0`` or ``errno.EISCONN`` indicate that you're connected -- "
|
|
"or you can pass this socket to select to check if it's writable."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:780
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The :mod:`asyncore` module presents a framework-like approach to the problem "
|
|
"of writing non-blocking networking code. The third-party `Twisted <https://"
|
|
"twistedmatrix.com/trac/>`_ library is a popular and feature-rich alternative."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:787
|
|
msgid "Databases"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:790
|
|
msgid "Are there any interfaces to database packages in Python?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:792
|
|
msgid "Yes."
|
|
msgstr "Oui."
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:794
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Interfaces to disk-based hashes such as :mod:`DBM <dbm.ndbm>` and :mod:`GDBM "
|
|
"<dbm.gnu>` are also included with standard Python. There is also the :mod:"
|
|
"`sqlite3` module, which provides a lightweight disk-based relational "
|
|
"database."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:799
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Support for most relational databases is available. See the "
|
|
"`DatabaseProgramming wiki page <https://wiki.python.org/moin/"
|
|
"DatabaseProgramming>`_ for details."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:805
|
|
msgid "How do you implement persistent objects in Python?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:807
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The :mod:`pickle` library module solves this in a very general way (though "
|
|
"you still can't store things like open files, sockets or windows), and the :"
|
|
"mod:`shelve` library module uses pickle and (g)dbm to create persistent "
|
|
"mappings containing arbitrary Python objects."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:814
|
|
msgid "Mathematics and Numerics"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:817
|
|
msgid "How do I generate random numbers in Python?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:819
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The standard module :mod:`random` implements a random number generator. "
|
|
"Usage is simple::"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:825
|
|
msgid "This returns a random floating point number in the range [0, 1)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:827
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There are also many other specialized generators in this module, such as:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:829
|
|
msgid "``randrange(a, b)`` chooses an integer in the range [a, b)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:830
|
|
msgid "``uniform(a, b)`` chooses a floating point number in the range [a, b)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:831
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"``normalvariate(mean, sdev)`` samples the normal (Gaussian) distribution."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:833
|
|
msgid "Some higher-level functions operate on sequences directly, such as:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:835
|
|
msgid "``choice(S)`` chooses random element from a given sequence"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:836
|
|
msgid "``shuffle(L)`` shuffles a list in-place, i.e. permutes it randomly"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: ../Doc/faq/library.rst:838
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There's also a ``Random`` class you can instantiate to create independent "
|
|
"multiple random number generators."
|
|
msgstr ""
|