python-docs-fr/howto/logging-cookbook.po

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#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:5
msgid "Logging Cookbook"
msgstr "Recettes pour la journalisation"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:0
msgid "Author"
msgstr "Auteur"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:7
msgid "Vinay Sajip <vinay_sajip at red-dove dot com>"
msgstr "Vinay Sajip <vinay_sajip at red-dove dot com>"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:9
msgid ""
"This page contains a number of recipes related to logging, which have been "
"found useful in the past. For links to tutorial and reference information, "
"please see :ref:`cookbook-ref-links`."
msgstr ""
"Cette page contient des recettes relatives à la journalisation qui se sont "
"avérées utiles par le passé. Pour des liens vers le tutoriel et des "
"informations de référence, consultez :ref:`ces autres ressources <cookbook-"
"ref-links>`."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:16
msgid "Using logging in multiple modules"
msgstr "Journalisation dans plusieurs modules"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:18
msgid ""
"Multiple calls to ``logging.getLogger('someLogger')`` return a reference to "
"the same logger object.  This is true not only within the same module, but "
"also across modules as long as it is in the same Python interpreter "
"process.  It is true for references to the same object; additionally, "
"application code can define and configure a parent logger in one module and "
"create (but not configure) a child logger in a separate module, and all "
"logger calls to the child will pass up to the parent.  Here is a main "
"module::"
msgstr ""
"Deux appels à  ``logging.getLogger('unLogger')`` renvoient toujours une "
"référence vers le même objet de journalisation. C’est valable à l’intérieur "
"d’un module, mais aussi dans des modules différents pour autant que ce soit "
"le même processus de l’interpréteur Python. En plus, le code d’une "
"application peut définir et configurer une journalisation parente dans un "
"module et créer (mais pas configurer) une journalisation fille dans un "
"module séparé. Les appels à la journalisation fille passeront alors à la "
"journalisation parente. Voici un module principal ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:56
msgid "Here is the auxiliary module::"
msgstr "Voici un module auxiliaire ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:76
msgid "The output looks like this:"
msgstr "La sortie ressemble à ceci ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:102
msgid "Logging from multiple threads"
msgstr "Journalisation avec des fils d’exécution multiples"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:104
msgid ""
"Logging from multiple threads requires no special effort. The following "
"example shows logging from the main (initial) thread and another thread::"
msgstr ""
"La journalisation avec des fils d’exécution multiples ne requiert pas "
"d’effort particulier. L’exemple suivant montre comment journaliser depuis le "
"fil principal (c.-à-d. initial) et un autre fil ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:133
msgid "When run, the script should print something like the following:"
msgstr "À l’exécution, le script doit afficher quelque chose comme ça ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:155
msgid ""
"This shows the logging output interspersed as one might expect. This "
"approach works for more threads than shown here, of course."
msgstr ""
"Les entrées de journalisation sont entrelacées, comme on pouvait s’y "
"attendre. Cette approche fonctionne aussi avec plus de fils que dans "
"l’exemple, bien sûr."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:159
msgid "Multiple handlers and formatters"
msgstr "Plusieurs gestionnaires et formateurs"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:161
msgid ""
"Loggers are plain Python objects.  The :meth:`~Logger.addHandler` method has "
"no minimum or maximum quota for the number of handlers you may add.  "
"Sometimes it will be beneficial for an application to log all messages of "
"all severities to a text file while simultaneously logging errors or above "
"to the console.  To set this up, simply configure the appropriate handlers.  "
"The logging calls in the application code will remain unchanged.  Here is a "
"slight modification to the previous simple module-based configuration "
"example::"
msgstr ""
"Les gestionnaires de journalisation sont des objets Python ordinaires. La "
"méthode :meth:`~Logger.addHandler` n’est pas limitée, en nombre minimum ou "
"maximum, en gestionnaires que vous pouvez ajouter. Parfois, il peut être "
"utile pour une application de journaliser tous les messages quels que soient "
"leurs niveaux vers un fichier texte, tout en journalisant les erreurs (et "
"plus grave) dans la console. Pour ce faire, configurez simplement les "
"gestionnaires de manière adéquate. Les appels de journalisation dans le code "
"de l’application resteront les mêmes. Voici une légère modification de "
"l’exemple précédent dans une configuration au niveau du module ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:194
msgid ""
"Notice that the 'application' code does not care about multiple handlers.  "
"All that changed was the addition and configuration of a new handler named "
"*fh*."
msgstr ""
"Notez que le code de « l’application » ignore la multiplicité des "
"gestionnaires. Les modifications consistent simplement en l’ajout et la "
"configuration d’un nouveau gestionnaire appelé *fh*."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:197
msgid ""
"The ability to create new handlers with higher- or lower-severity filters "
"can be very helpful when writing and testing an application.  Instead of "
"using many ``print`` statements for debugging, use ``logger.debug``: Unlike "
"the print statements, which you will have to delete or comment out later, "
"the logger.debug statements can remain intact in the source code and remain "
"dormant until you need them again.  At that time, the only change that needs "
"to happen is to modify the severity level of the logger and/or handler to "
"debug."
msgstr ""
"La possibilité de créer de nouveaux gestionnaires avec des filtres sur un "
"niveau de gravité supérieur ou inférieur peut être très utile lors de "
"l’écriture ou du test d’une application. Au lieu d’utiliser de nombreuses "
"instructions ``print`` pour le débogage, utilisez ``logger.debug`` : "
"contrairement aux instructions ``print``, que vous devrez supprimer ou "
"commenter plus tard, les instructions ``logger.debug`` peuvent demeurer "
"telles quelles dans le code source et restent dormantes jusqu’à ce que vous "
"en ayez à nouveau besoin. À ce moment-là, il suffit de modifier le niveau de "
"gravité de la journalisation ou du gestionnaire pour déboguer."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:208
msgid "Logging to multiple destinations"
msgstr "Journalisation vers plusieurs destinations"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:210
msgid ""
"Let's say you want to log to console and file with different message formats "
"and in differing circumstances. Say you want to log messages with levels of "
"DEBUG and higher to file, and those messages at level INFO and higher to the "
"console. Let's also assume that the file should contain timestamps, but the "
"console messages should not. Here's how you can achieve this::"
msgstr ""
"Supposons que vous souhaitiez journaliser dans la console et dans un fichier "
"avec différents formats de messages et avec différents critères. Supposons "
"que vous souhaitiez consigner les messages de niveau DEBUG et supérieur dans "
"le fichier, et les messages de niveau INFO et supérieur dans la console. "
"Supposons également que le fichier doive contenir des horodatages, mais pas "
"les messages de la console. Voici comment y parvenir ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:248
msgid "When you run this, on the console you will see"
msgstr "Quand vous le lancez, vous devez voir"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:257
msgid "and in the file you will see something like"
msgstr "et, dans le fichier, vous devez trouver"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:267
msgid ""
"As you can see, the DEBUG message only shows up in the file. The other "
"messages are sent to both destinations."
msgstr ""
"Comme vous pouvez le constater, le message DEBUG n’apparaît que dans le "
"fichier. Les autres messages sont envoyés vers les deux destinations."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:270
msgid ""
"This example uses console and file handlers, but you can use any number and "
"combination of handlers you choose."
msgstr ""
"Cet exemple utilise la console et des gestionnaires de fichier, mais vous "
"pouvez utiliser et combiner autant de gestionnaires que de besoin."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:273
msgid ""
"Note that the above choice of log filename ``/tmp/myapp.log`` implies use of "
"a standard location for temporary files on POSIX systems. On Windows, you "
"may need to choose a different directory name for the log - just ensure that "
"the directory exists and that you have the permissions to create and update "
"files in it."
msgstr ""
"Notez que le choix du nom de fichier journal ``/tmp/myapp.log`` ci-dessus "
"implique l'utilisation d'un emplacement standard pour les fichiers "
"temporaires sur les systèmes POSIX. Sous Windows, vous devrez peut-être "
"choisir un nom de répertoire différent pour le journal – assurez-vous "
"simplement que le répertoire existe et que vous disposez des autorisations "
"nécessaires pour créer et mettre à jour des fichiers dans celui-ci."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:282
msgid "Custom handling of levels"
msgstr "Personnalisation du niveau de journalisation"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:284
msgid ""
"Sometimes, you might want to do something slightly different from the "
"standard handling of levels in handlers, where all levels above a threshold "
"get processed by a handler. To do this, you need to use filters. Let's look "
"at a scenario where you want to arrange things as follows:"
msgstr ""
"Il peut arriver que vous souhaitiez que vos gestionnaires journalisent "
"légèrement différemment de la gestion standard des niveaux, où tous les "
"niveaux au-dessus d'un seuil sont traités par un gestionnaire. Pour ce "
"faire, vous devez utiliser des filtres. Examinons un scénario dans lequel "
"vous souhaitez organiser les choses comme suit :"

# énumération
#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:289
msgid "Send messages of severity ``INFO`` and ``WARNING`` to ``sys.stdout``"
msgstr ""
"envoyer les messages de niveau ``INFO`` et ``WARNING`` à ``sys.stdout`` ;"

# énumération
#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:290
msgid "Send messages of severity ``ERROR`` and above to ``sys.stderr``"
msgstr ""
"envoyer les messages de niveau ``ERROR`` et au-dessus à ``sys.stderr`` ;"

# énumération
#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:291
msgid "Send messages of severity ``DEBUG`` and above to file ``app.log``"
msgstr ""
"envoyer les messages de niveau ``DEBUG`` et au-dessus vers le fichier ``app."
"log``."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:293
msgid "Suppose you configure logging with the following JSON:"
msgstr ""
"Supposons que vous configurez la journalisation avec le contenu au format "
"JSON suivant :"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:335
msgid ""
"This configuration does *almost* what we want, except that ``sys.stdout`` "
"would show messages of severity ``ERROR`` and above as well as ``INFO`` and "
"``WARNING`` messages. To prevent this, we can set up a filter which excludes "
"those messages and add it to the relevant handler. This can be configured by "
"adding a ``filters`` section parallel to ``formatters`` and ``handlers``:"
msgstr ""
"Cette configuration fait *presque* ce que nous voulons, sauf que ``sys."
"stdout`` affiche les messages de gravité ``ERROR`` et supérieurs ainsi que "
"les messages ``INFO`` et ``WARNING``. Pour éviter cela, nous pouvons "
"configurer un filtre qui exclut ces messages et l'ajouter au gestionnaire "
"approprié. Effectuons la configuration en ajoutant une section ``filters`` "
"parallèle à ``formatters`` et ``handlers`` :"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:350
msgid "and changing the section on the ``stdout`` handler to add it:"
msgstr ""
"et en changeant la section du gestionnaire ``stdout`` pour ajouter le "
"filtre :"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:362
msgid ""
"A filter is just a function, so we can define the ``filter_maker`` (a "
"factory function) as follows:"
msgstr ""
"Un filtre n'est qu'une fonction, nous pouvons donc définir un "
"``filter_maker`` (une fonction fabrique) comme suit :"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:375
msgid ""
"This converts the string argument passed in to a numeric level, and returns "
"a function which only returns ``True`` if the level of the passed in record "
"is at or below the specified level. Note that in this example I have defined "
"the ``filter_maker`` in a test script ``main.py`` that I run from the "
"command line, so its module will be ``__main__`` - hence the ``__main__."
"filter_maker`` in the filter configuration. You will need to change that if "
"you define it in a different module."
msgstr ""
"Elle convertit la chaîne transmise en argument vers un niveau numérique puis "
"renvoie une fonction qui ne renvoie ``True`` que si le niveau de "
"l'enregistrement transmis est inférieur ou égal au niveau spécifié. Notez "
"que dans cet exemple, nous avons défini ``filter_maker`` dans un script de "
"test ``main.py`` qui est exécuté depuis la ligne de commande, donc son "
"module est ``__main__`` – d'où le ``__main__.filter_maker`` dans la "
"configuration du filtre. Vous devez le changer si vous la définissez dans un "
"module différent."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:383
msgid "With the filter added, we can run ``main.py``, which in full is:"
msgstr ""
"Avec le filtre, nous pouvons exécuter ``main.py`` dont voici la version "
"complète :"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:453
msgid "And after running it like this:"
msgstr "Et après l'avoir exécuté comme ceci :"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:459
msgid "We can see the results are as expected:"
msgstr "Nous obtenons le résultat attendu :"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:485
msgid "Configuration server example"
msgstr "Exemple d’un serveur de configuration"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:487
msgid "Here is an example of a module using the logging configuration server::"
msgstr ""
"Voici un exemple de module mettant en œuvre la configuration de la "
"journalisation *via* un serveur ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:518
msgid ""
"And here is a script that takes a filename and sends that file to the "
"server, properly preceded with the binary-encoded length, as the new logging "
"configuration::"
msgstr ""
"Et voici un script qui, à partir d’un nom de fichier, commence par envoyer "
"la taille du fichier encodée en binaire (comme il se doit), puis envoie ce "
"fichier au serveur pour définir la nouvelle configuration de "
"journalisation ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:543
msgid "Dealing with handlers that block"
msgstr "Utilisation de gestionnaires bloquants"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:547
msgid ""
"Sometimes you have to get your logging handlers to do their work without "
"blocking the thread you're logging from. This is common in web applications, "
"though of course it also occurs in other scenarios."
msgstr ""
"Parfois, il est nécessaire que les gestionnaires de journalisation fassent "
"leur travail sans bloquer le fil d’exécution qui émet des événements. C’est "
"généralement le cas dans les applications Web, mais aussi bien sûr dans "
"d’autres scénarios."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:551
msgid ""
"A common culprit which demonstrates sluggish behaviour is the :class:"
"`SMTPHandler`: sending emails can take a long time, for a number of reasons "
"outside the developer's control (for example, a poorly performing mail or "
"network infrastructure). But almost any network-based handler can block: "
"Even a :class:`SocketHandler` operation may do a DNS query under the hood "
"which is too slow (and this query can be deep in the socket library code, "
"below the Python layer, and outside your control)."
msgstr ""
"Un gestionnaire classiquement lent est le :class:`SMTPHandler` : l’envoi d’e-"
"mails peut prendre beaucoup de temps, pour un certain nombre de raisons "
"indépendantes du développeur (par exemple, une infrastructure de messagerie "
"ou de réseau peu performante). Mais n’importe quel autre gestionnaire "
"utilisant le réseau ou presque peut aussi s’avérer bloquant : même une "
"simple opération :class:`SocketHandler` peut faire une requête DNS implicite "
"et être ainsi très lente (cette requête peut être enfouie profondément dans "
"le code de la bibliothèque d’accès réseau, sous la couche Python, et hors de "
"votre contrôle)."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:559
msgid ""
"One solution is to use a two-part approach. For the first part, attach only "
"a :class:`QueueHandler` to those loggers which are accessed from performance-"
"critical threads. They simply write to their queue, which can be sized to a "
"large enough capacity or initialized with no upper bound to their size. The "
"write to the queue will typically be accepted quickly, though you will "
"probably need to catch the :exc:`queue.Full` exception as a precaution in "
"your code. If you are a library developer who has performance-critical "
"threads in their code, be sure to document this (together with a suggestion "
"to attach only ``QueueHandlers`` to your loggers) for the benefit of other "
"developers who will use your code."
msgstr ""
"Une solution consiste à utiliser une approche en deux parties. Pour la "
"première partie, affectez un seul :class:`QueueHandler` à la journalisation "
"des fils d’exécution critiques pour les performances. Ils écrivent "
"simplement dans leur file d’attente, qui peut être dimensionnée à une "
"capacité suffisamment grande ou initialisée sans limite supérieure en "
"taille. L’écriture dans la file d’attente est généralement acceptée "
"rapidement, mais nous vous conseillons quand même de prévoir d’intercepter "
"l’exception :exc:`queue.Full` par précaution dans votre code. Si vous "
"développez une bibliothèque avec des fils d’exécution critiques pour les "
"performances, documentez-le bien (avec une suggestion de n’affecter que des "
"``QueueHandlers`` à votre journalisation) pour faciliter le travail des "
"développeurs qui utilisent votre code."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:570
msgid ""
"The second part of the solution is :class:`QueueListener`, which has been "
"designed as the counterpart to :class:`QueueHandler`.  A :class:"
"`QueueListener` is very simple: it's passed a queue and some handlers, and "
"it fires up an internal thread which listens to its queue for LogRecords "
"sent from ``QueueHandlers`` (or any other source of ``LogRecords``, for that "
"matter). The ``LogRecords`` are removed from the queue and passed to the "
"handlers for processing."
msgstr ""
"La deuxième partie de la solution est la classe :class:`QueueListener`, "
"conçue comme l’homologue de :class:`QueueHandler`. Un :class:`QueueListener` "
"est très simple : vous lui passez une file d’attente et des gestionnaires, "
"et il lance un fil d’exécution interne qui scrute la file d’attente pour "
"récupérer les événements envoyés par les ``QueueHandlers`` (ou toute autre "
"source de ``LogRecords``, d’ailleurs). Les ``LogRecords`` sont supprimés de "
"la file d’attente et transmis aux gestionnaires pour traitement."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:578
msgid ""
"The advantage of having a separate :class:`QueueListener` class is that you "
"can use the same instance to service multiple ``QueueHandlers``. This is "
"more resource-friendly than, say, having threaded versions of the existing "
"handler classes, which would eat up one thread per handler for no particular "
"benefit."
msgstr ""
"L’avantage d’avoir une classe :class:`QueueListener` séparée est que vous "
"pouvez utiliser la même instance pour servir plusieurs ``QueueHandlers``. "
"Cela consomme moins de ressources que des instances de gestionnaires "
"réparties chacune dans un fil d’exécution séparé."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:583
msgid "An example of using these two classes follows (imports omitted)::"
msgstr ""
"Voici un exemple d’utilisation de ces deux classes (les importations sont "
"omises) ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:601
msgid "which, when run, will produce:"
msgstr "ce qui produit ceci à l’exécution :"

# suit un :
#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:607
msgid ""
"Although the earlier discussion wasn't specifically talking about async "
"code, but rather about slow logging handlers, it should be noted that when "
"logging from async code, network and even file handlers could lead to "
"problems (blocking the event loop) because some logging is done from :mod:"
"`asyncio` internals. It might be best, if any async code is used in an "
"application, to use the above approach for logging, so that any blocking "
"code runs only in the ``QueueListener`` thread."
msgstr ""
"bien que la discussion précédente n'aborde pas spécifiquement l'utilisation "
"de code asynchrone, mais concerne les gestionnaires de journalisation lents, "
"notez que lors de la journalisation à partir de code asynchrone, les "
"gestionnaires qui écrivent vers le réseau ou même dans des fichiers peuvent "
"entraîner des problèmes (blocage de la boucle d'événements) car une certaine "
"journalisation est faite à partir du code natif de :mod:`asyncio`. Il peut "
"être préférable, si un code asynchrone est utilisé dans une application, "
"d'utiliser l'approche ci-dessus pour la journalisation, de sorte que tout ce "
"qui utilise du code bloquant ne s'exécute que dans le thread "
"``QueueListener``."

# suit un :
#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:615
msgid ""
"Prior to Python 3.5, the :class:`QueueListener` always passed every message "
"received from the queue to every handler it was initialized with. (This was "
"because it was assumed that level filtering was all done on the other side, "
"where the queue is filled.) From 3.5 onwards, this behaviour can be changed "
"by passing a keyword argument ``respect_handler_level=True`` to the "
"listener's constructor. When this is done, the listener compares the level "
"of each message with the handler's level, and only passes a message to a "
"handler if it's appropriate to do so."
msgstr ""
"avant Python 3.5, la classe :class:`QueueListener` passait chaque message "
"reçu de la file d’attente à chaque gestionnaire avec lequel l’instance avait "
"été initialisée (on supposait que le filtrage de niveau était entièrement "
"effectué de l’autre côté, au niveau de l’alimentation de la file d’attente). "
"Depuis Python 3.5, le comportement peut être modifié en passant l’argument "
"par mot-clé ``respect_handler_level=True`` au constructeur. Dans ce cas, la "
"``QueueListener`` compare le niveau de chaque message avec le niveau défini "
"dans chaque gestionnaire et ne transmet le message que si c’est opportun."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:628
msgid "Sending and receiving logging events across a network"
msgstr "Envoi et réception d’événements de journalisation à travers le réseau"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:630
msgid ""
"Let's say you want to send logging events across a network, and handle them "
"at the receiving end. A simple way of doing this is attaching a :class:"
"`SocketHandler` instance to the root logger at the sending end::"
msgstr ""
"Supposons que vous souhaitiez envoyer des événements de journalisation sur "
"un réseau et les traiter à la réception. Une façon simple de faire est "
"d’attacher une instance :class:`SocketHandler` à la journalisation racine de "
"l’émetteur ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:658
msgid ""
"At the receiving end, you can set up a receiver using the :mod:"
"`socketserver` module. Here is a basic working example::"
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez configurer le récepteur en utilisant le module :mod:"
"`socketserver`. Voici un exemple élémentaire ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:746
msgid ""
"First run the server, and then the client. On the client side, nothing is "
"printed on the console; on the server side, you should see something like:"
msgstr ""
"Lancez d’abord le serveur, puis le client. Côté client, rien ne s’affiche "
"sur la console ; côté serveur, vous devez voir quelque chose comme ça :"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:758
msgid ""
"Note that there are some security issues with pickle in some scenarios. If "
"these affect you, you can use an alternative serialization scheme by "
"overriding the :meth:`~handlers.SocketHandler.makePickle` method and "
"implementing your alternative there, as well as adapting the above script to "
"use your alternative serialization."
msgstr ""
"Notez que ``pickle`` introduit des problèmes de sécurité dans certains "
"scénarios. Si vous êtes concerné, vous pouvez utiliser une sérialisation "
"alternative en surchargeant la méthode :meth:`~handlers.SocketHandler."
"makePickle` par votre propre implémentation, ainsi qu’en adaptant le script "
"ci-dessus pour utiliser votre sérialisation."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:766
msgid "Running a logging socket listener in production"
msgstr ""
"Journalisation en production à l’aide d’un connecteur en écoute sur le réseau"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:770
msgid ""
"To run a logging listener in production, you may need to use a process-"
"management tool such as `Supervisor <http://supervisord.org/>`_. `Here is a "
"Gist <socket-listener-gist_>`__ which provides the bare-bones files to run "
"the above functionality using Supervisor. It consists of the following files:"
msgstr ""
"Pour de la journalisation en production *via* un connecteur réseau en "
"écoute, il est probable que vous ayez besoin d’utiliser un outil de "
"surveillance tel que `Supervisor <http://supervisord.org/>`_. Vous trouverez "
"dans ce `Gist <socket-listener-gist_>`__ des gabarits pour assurer cette "
"fonction avec *Supervisor*. Il est composé des fichiers suivants :"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:777
msgid "File"
msgstr "Fichier"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:777
msgid "Purpose"
msgstr "Objectif"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:779
msgid ":file:`prepare.sh`"
msgstr ":file:`prepare.sh`"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:779
msgid "A Bash script to prepare the environment for testing"
msgstr "Script Bash pour préparer l'environnement de test"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:782
msgid ":file:`supervisor.conf`"
msgstr ":file:`supervisor.conf`"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:782
msgid ""
"The Supervisor configuration file, which has entries for the listener and a "
"multi-process web application"
msgstr ""
"Fichier de configuration de *Supervisor*, avec les entrées pour le "
"connecteur en écoute et l'application web multi-processus"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:786
msgid ":file:`ensure_app.sh`"
msgstr ":file:`ensure_app.sh`"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:786
msgid ""
"A Bash script to ensure that Supervisor is running with the above "
"configuration"
msgstr ""
"Script Bash pour s'assurer que *Supervisor* fonctionne bien avec la "
"configuration ci-dessus"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:789
msgid ":file:`log_listener.py`"
msgstr ":file:`log_listener.py`"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:789
msgid ""
"The socket listener program which receives log events and records them to a "
"file"
msgstr ""
"Programme en écoute sur le réseau qui reçoit les événements de "
"journalisation et les enregistre dans un fichier"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:792
msgid ":file:`main.py`"
msgstr ":file:`main.py`"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:792
msgid ""
"A simple web application which performs logging via a socket connected to "
"the listener"
msgstr "Application web simple qui journalise *via* un connecteur réseau"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:795
msgid ":file:`webapp.json`"
msgstr ":file:`webapp.json`"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:795
msgid "A JSON configuration file for the web application"
msgstr "Fichier JSON de configuration de l'application web"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:797
msgid ":file:`client.py`"
msgstr ":file:`client.py`"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:797
msgid "A Python script to exercise the web application"
msgstr ""
"Script Python qui interagit avec l'application web pour effectuer des appels "
"à la journalisation"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:800
msgid ""
"The web application uses `Gunicorn <https://gunicorn.org/>`_, which is a "
"popular web application server that starts multiple worker processes to "
"handle requests. This example setup shows how the workers can write to the "
"same log file without conflicting with one another --- they all go through "
"the socket listener."
msgstr ""
"L'application Web utilise `Gunicorn <https://gunicorn.org/>`_, qui est un "
"serveur d'applications Web populaire qui démarre plusieurs processus de "
"travail pour gérer les demandes. Cet exemple de configuration montre comment "
"les processus peuvent écrire dans le même fichier journal sans entrer en "
"conflit les uns avec les autres — ils passent tous par le connecteur en "
"écoute."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:805
msgid "To test these files, do the following in a POSIX environment:"
msgstr ""
"Pour tester ces fichiers, suivez cette procédure dans un environnement "
"POSIX :"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:807
msgid ""
"Download `the Gist <socket-listener-gist_>`__ as a ZIP archive using the :"
"guilabel:`Download ZIP` button."
msgstr ""
"Téléchargez l'archive ZIP du `Gist  <socket-listener-gist_>`__  à l'aide du "
"bouton :guilabel:`Download ZIP`."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:810
msgid "Unzip the above files from the archive into a scratch directory."
msgstr "Décompressez les fichiers de l'archive dans un répertoire de travail."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:812
msgid ""
"In the scratch directory, run ``bash prepare.sh`` to get things ready. This "
"creates a :file:`run` subdirectory to contain Supervisor-related and log "
"files, and a :file:`venv` subdirectory to contain a virtual environment into "
"which ``bottle``, ``gunicorn`` and ``supervisor`` are installed."
msgstr ""
"Dans le répertoire de travail, exécutez le script de préparation par ``bash "
"prepare.sh``. Cela crée un sous-répertoire :file:`run` pour contenir les "
"fichiers journaux et ceux relatifs à *Supervisor*, ainsi qu'un sous-"
"répertoire :file:`venv` pour contenir un environnement virtuel dans lequel "
"``bottle``, ``gunicorn`` et ``supervisor`` sont installés."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:817
msgid ""
"Run ``bash ensure_app.sh`` to ensure that Supervisor is running with the "
"above configuration."
msgstr ""
"Exécutez ``bash ensure_app.sh`` pour vous assurer que *Supervisor* s'exécute "
"avec la configuration ci-dessus."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:820
msgid ""
"Run ``venv/bin/python client.py`` to exercise the web application, which "
"will lead to records being written to the log."
msgstr ""
"Exécutez ``venv/bin/python client.py`` pour tester l'application Web, ce qui "
"entraîne l'écriture d'enregistrements dans le journal."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:823
msgid ""
"Inspect the log files in the :file:`run` subdirectory. You should see the "
"most recent log lines in files matching the pattern :file:`app.log*`. They "
"won't be in any particular order, since they have been handled concurrently "
"by different worker processes in a non-deterministic way."
msgstr ""
"Inspectez les fichiers journaux dans le sous-répertoire :file:`run`. Vous "
"devriez voir les lignes de journal les plus récentes dans les fichiers de "
"type :file:`app.log*`. Ils ne seront pas dans un ordre particulier, car ils "
"ont été traités par les différents processus de travail de manière non "
"déterministe."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:828
msgid ""
"You can shut down the listener and the web application by running ``venv/bin/"
"supervisorctl -c supervisor.conf shutdown``."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez arrêter le connecteur en écoute et l'application Web en "
"exécutant ``venv/bin/supervisorctl -c supervisor.conf shutdown``."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:831
msgid ""
"You may need to tweak the configuration files in the unlikely event that the "
"configured ports clash with something else in your test environment."
msgstr ""
"Vous devrez peut-être modifier les fichiers de configuration dans le cas peu "
"probable où les ports configurés entrent en conflit avec autre chose dans "
"votre environnement de test."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:837
msgid "Adding contextual information to your logging output"
msgstr "Ajout d’informations contextuelles dans la journalisation"

# #no-qa
#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:839
msgid ""
"Sometimes you want logging output to contain contextual information in "
"addition to the parameters passed to the logging call. For example, in a "
"networked application, it may be desirable to log client-specific "
"information in the log (e.g. remote client's username, or IP address). "
"Although you could use the *extra* parameter to achieve this, it's not "
"always convenient to pass the information in this way. While it might be "
"tempting to create :class:`Logger` instances on a per-connection basis, this "
"is not a good idea because these instances are not garbage collected. While "
"this is not a problem in practice, when the number of :class:`Logger` "
"instances is dependent on the level of granularity you want to use in "
"logging an application, it could be hard to manage if the number of :class:"
"`Logger` instances becomes effectively unbounded."
msgstr ""
"Dans certains cas, vous pouvez souhaiter que la journalisation contienne des "
"informations contextuelles en plus des paramètres transmis à l’appel de "
"journalisation. Par exemple, dans une application réseau, il peut être "
"souhaitable de consigner des informations spécifiques au client dans le "
"journal (par exemple, le nom d’utilisateur ou l’adresse IP du client "
"distant). Bien que vous puissiez utiliser le paramètre *extra* pour y "
"parvenir, il n’est pas toujours pratique de transmettre les informations de "
"cette manière. Il peut être aussi tentant de créer des instances :class:"
"`Logger` connexion par connexion, mais ce n’est pas une bonne idée car ces "
"instances :class:`Logger` ne sont pas éliminées par le ramasse-miettes. Même "
"si ce point n’est pas problématique en soi si la journalisation est "
"configurée avec plusieurs niveaux de granularité, cela peut devenir "
"difficile de gérer un nombre potentiellement illimité d’instances de :class:"
"`Logger`."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:854
msgid "Using LoggerAdapters to impart contextual information"
msgstr ""
"Utilisation d’adaptateurs de journalisation pour transmettre des "
"informations contextuelles"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:856
msgid ""
"An easy way in which you can pass contextual information to be output along "
"with logging event information is to use the :class:`LoggerAdapter` class. "
"This class is designed to look like a :class:`Logger`, so that you can call :"
"meth:`debug`, :meth:`info`, :meth:`warning`, :meth:`error`, :meth:"
"`exception`, :meth:`critical` and :meth:`log`. These methods have the same "
"signatures as their counterparts in :class:`Logger`, so you can use the two "
"types of instances interchangeably."
msgstr ""
"Un moyen simple de transmettre des informations contextuelles accompagnant "
"les informations de journalisation consiste à utiliser la classe :class:"
"`LoggerAdapter`. Cette classe est conçue pour ressembler à un :class:"
"`Logger`, de sorte que vous pouvez appeler :meth:`debug`, :meth:`info`, :"
"meth:`warning`, :meth:`error`, :meth:`exception`, :meth:`critical` et :meth:"
"`log`. Ces méthodes ont les mêmes signatures que leurs homologues dans :"
"class:`Logger`, vous pouvez donc utiliser les deux types d’instances de "
"manière interchangeable."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:864
msgid ""
"When you create an instance of :class:`LoggerAdapter`, you pass it a :class:"
"`Logger` instance and a dict-like object which contains your contextual "
"information. When you call one of the logging methods on an instance of :"
"class:`LoggerAdapter`, it delegates the call to the underlying instance of :"
"class:`Logger` passed to its constructor, and arranges to pass the "
"contextual information in the delegated call. Here's a snippet from the code "
"of :class:`LoggerAdapter`::"
msgstr ""
"Lorsque vous créez une instance de :class:`LoggerAdapter`, vous lui "
"transmettez une instance de :class:`Logger` et un objet dictionnaire qui "
"contient vos informations contextuelles. Lorsque vous appelez l’une des "
"méthodes de journalisation sur une instance de :class:`LoggerAdapter`, elle "
"délègue l’appel à l’instance sous-jacente de :class:`Logger` transmise à son "
"constructeur et s’arrange pour intégrer les informations contextuelles dans "
"l’appel délégué. Voici un extrait du code de :class:`LoggerAdapter` ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:880
msgid ""
"The :meth:`~LoggerAdapter.process` method of :class:`LoggerAdapter` is where "
"the contextual information is added to the logging output. It's passed the "
"message and keyword arguments of the logging call, and it passes back "
"(potentially) modified versions of these to use in the call to the "
"underlying logger. The default implementation of this method leaves the "
"message alone, but inserts an 'extra' key in the keyword argument whose "
"value is the dict-like object passed to the constructor. Of course, if you "
"had passed an 'extra' keyword argument in the call to the adapter, it will "
"be silently overwritten."
msgstr ""
"Les informations contextuelles sont ajoutées dans la méthode :meth:"
"`~LoggerAdapter.process` de :class:`LoggerAdapter`. On lui passe le message "
"et les arguments par mot-clé de l’appel de journalisation, et elle en "
"renvoie des versions (potentiellement) modifiées à utiliser pour la "
"journalisation sous-jacente. L’implémentation par défaut de cette méthode "
"laisse le message seul, mais insère une clé ``extra`` dans l’argument par "
"mot-clé dont la valeur est l’objet dictionnaire passé au constructeur. Bien "
"sûr, si vous avez passé un argument par mot-clé ``extra`` dans l’appel à "
"l’adaptateur, il est écrasé silencieusement."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:889
msgid ""
"The advantage of using 'extra' is that the values in the dict-like object "
"are merged into the :class:`LogRecord` instance's __dict__, allowing you to "
"use customized strings with your :class:`Formatter` instances which know "
"about the keys of the dict-like object. If you need a different method, e.g. "
"if you want to prepend or append the contextual information to the message "
"string, you just need to subclass :class:`LoggerAdapter` and override :meth:"
"`~LoggerAdapter.process` to do what you need. Here is a simple example::"
msgstr ""
"L’avantage d’utiliser ``extra`` est que les valeurs de l’objet dictionnaire "
"sont fusionnées dans le ``__dict__`` de l’instance :class:`LogRecord`, ce "
"qui vous permet d’utiliser des chaînes personnalisées avec vos instances :"
"class:`Formatter` qui connaissent les clés de l’objet dictionnaire. Si vous "
"avez besoin d’une méthode différente, par exemple si vous souhaitez ajouter "
"des informations contextuelles avant ou après la chaîne de message, il vous "
"suffit de surcharger :class:`LoggerAdapter` et de remplacer :meth:"
"`~LoggerAdapter.process` pour faire ce dont vous avez besoin. Voici un "
"exemple simple ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:905
msgid "which you can use like this::"
msgstr "que vous pouvez utiliser comme ceci ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:910
msgid ""
"Then any events that you log to the adapter will have the value of "
"``some_conn_id`` prepended to the log messages."
msgstr ""
"Ainsi, tout événement journalisé aura la valeur de ``some_conn_id`` insérée "
"en début de message de journalisation."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:914
msgid "Using objects other than dicts to pass contextual information"
msgstr ""
"Utilisation d’objets autres que les dictionnaires pour passer des "
"informations contextuelles"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:916
msgid ""
"You don't need to pass an actual dict to a :class:`LoggerAdapter` - you "
"could pass an instance of a class which implements ``__getitem__`` and "
"``__iter__`` so that it looks like a dict to logging. This would be useful "
"if you want to generate values dynamically (whereas the values in a dict "
"would be constant)."
msgstr ""
"Il n’est pas obligatoire de passer un dictionnaire réel à un :class:"
"`LoggerAdapter`, vous pouvez passer une instance d’une classe qui implémente "
"``__getitem__`` et ``__iter__`` pour qu’il ressemble à un dictionnaire du "
"point de vue de la journalisation. C’est utile si vous souhaitez générer des "
"valeurs de manière dynamique (alors que les valeurs d’un dictionnaire "
"seraient constantes)."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:925
msgid "Using Filters to impart contextual information"
msgstr "Utilisation de filtres pour transmettre des informations contextuelles"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:927
msgid ""
"You can also add contextual information to log output using a user-defined :"
"class:`Filter`. ``Filter`` instances are allowed to modify the "
"``LogRecords`` passed to them, including adding additional attributes which "
"can then be output using a suitable format string, or if needed a custom :"
"class:`Formatter`."
msgstr ""
"Un :class:`Filter` défini par l’utilisateur peut aussi ajouter des "
"informations contextuelles à la journalisation. Les instances de ``Filter`` "
"sont autorisées à modifier les ``LogRecords`` qui leur sont transmis, y "
"compris par l’ajout d’attributs supplémentaires qui peuvent ensuite être "
"intégrés à la journalisation en utilisant une chaîne de formatage appropriée "
"ou, si nécessaire, un :class:`Formatter` personnalisé."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:932
msgid ""
"For example in a web application, the request being processed (or at least, "
"the interesting parts of it) can be stored in a threadlocal (:class:"
"`threading.local`) variable, and then accessed from a ``Filter`` to add, "
"say, information from the request - say, the remote IP address and remote "
"user's username - to the ``LogRecord``, using the attribute names 'ip' and "
"'user' as in the ``LoggerAdapter`` example above. In that case, the same "
"format string can be used to get similar output to that shown above. Here's "
"an example script::"
msgstr ""
"Par exemple, dans une application Web, la requête en cours de traitement (ou "
"du moins ce qu’elle contient d’intéressant) peut être stockée dans une "
"variable locale au fil d’exécution (:class:`threading.local`), puis utilisée "
"dans un ``Filter`` pour ajouter, par exemple, des informations relatives à "
"la requête (par exemple, l’adresse IP distante et le nom de l’utilisateur) "
"au ``LogRecord``, en utilisant les noms d’attribut ``ip`` et ``user`` comme "
"dans l’exemple ``LoggerAdapter`` ci-dessus. Dans ce cas, la même chaîne de "
"formatage peut être utilisée pour obtenir une sortie similaire à celle "
"indiquée ci-dessus. Voici un exemple de script ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:978
msgid "which, when run, produces something like:"
msgstr "qui, à l’exécution, produit quelque chose comme ça ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:996
msgid "Use of ``contextvars``"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:998
msgid ""
"Since Python 3.7, the :mod:`contextvars` module has provided context-local "
"storage which works for both :mod:`threading` and :mod:`asyncio` processing "
"needs. This type of storage may thus be generally preferable to thread-"
"locals. The following example shows how, in a multi-threaded environment, "
"logs can populated with contextual information such as, for example, request "
"attributes handled by web applications."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1004
msgid ""
"For the purposes of illustration, say that you have different web "
"applications, each independent of the other but running in the same Python "
"process and using a library common to them. How can each of these "
"applications have their own log, where all logging messages from the library "
"(and other request processing code) are directed to the appropriate "
"application's log file, while including in the log additional contextual "
"information such as client IP, HTTP request method and client username?"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1011
msgid "Let's assume that the library can be simulated by the following code:"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1027
msgid ""
"We can simulate the multiple web applications by means of two simple "
"classes, ``Request`` and ``WebApp``. These simulate how real threaded web "
"applications work - each request is handled by a thread:"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1171
msgid ""
"If you run the above, you should find that roughly half the requests go "
"into :file:`app1.log` and the rest into :file:`app2.log`, and the all the "
"requests are logged to :file:`app.log`. Each webapp-specific log will "
"contain only log entries for only that webapp, and the request information "
"will be displayed consistently in the log (i.e. the information in each "
"dummy request will always appear together in a log line). This is "
"illustrated by the following shell output:"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1218
msgid "Imparting contextual information in handlers"
msgstr "Ajout d'informations contextuelles dans la journalisation"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1220
msgid ""
"Each :class:`~Handler` has its own chain of filters. If you want to add "
"contextual information to a :class:`LogRecord` without leaking it to other "
"handlers, you can use a filter that returns a new :class:`~LogRecord` "
"instead of modifying it in-place, as shown in the following script::"
msgstr ""
"Chaque :class:`~Handler` possède sa propre chaîne de filtres. Si vous "
"souhaitez ajouter des informations contextuelles à un :class:`LogRecord` "
"sans impacter d'autres gestionnaires, vous pouvez utiliser un filtre qui "
"renvoie un nouveau :class:`~LogRecord` au lieu de le modifier sur place, "
"comme dans le script suivant ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1247
msgid "Logging to a single file from multiple processes"
msgstr "Journalisation vers un fichier unique à partir de plusieurs processus"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1249
msgid ""
"Although logging is thread-safe, and logging to a single file from multiple "
"threads in a single process *is* supported, logging to a single file from "
"*multiple processes* is *not* supported, because there is no standard way to "
"serialize access to a single file across multiple processes in Python. If "
"you need to log to a single file from multiple processes, one way of doing "
"this is to have all the processes log to a :class:`~handlers.SocketHandler`, "
"and have a separate process which implements a socket server which reads "
"from the socket and logs to file. (If you prefer, you can dedicate one "
"thread in one of the existing processes to perform this function.) :ref:"
"`This section <network-logging>` documents this approach in more detail and "
"includes a working socket receiver which can be used as a starting point for "
"you to adapt in your own applications."
msgstr ""
"La journalisation est fiable avec les programmes à fils d’exécution "
"multiples (*thread-safe*) : rien n’empêche plusieurs fils d’exécution de "
"journaliser dans le même fichier, du moment que ces fils d’exécution font "
"partie du même processus. En revanche, il n’existe aucun moyen standard de "
"sérialiser l’accès à un seul fichier sur plusieurs processus en Python. Si "
"vous avez besoin de vous connecter à un seul fichier à partir de plusieurs "
"processus, une façon de le faire est de faire en sorte que tous les "
"processus se connectent à un :class:`~handlers.SocketHandler`, et d’avoir un "
"processus séparé qui implémente un serveur qui lit à partir de ce connecteur "
"et écrit les journaux dans le fichier (si vous préférez, vous pouvez dédier "
"un fil d’exécution dans l’un des processus existants pour exécuter cette "
"tâche). :ref:`Cette section <network-logging>` documente cette approche plus "
"en détail et inclut un connecteur en écoute réseau fonctionnel qui peut être "
"utilisé comme point de départ pour l’adapter à vos propres applications."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1262
msgid ""
"You could also write your own handler which uses the :class:"
"`~multiprocessing.Lock` class from the :mod:`multiprocessing` module to "
"serialize access to the file from your processes. The existing :class:"
"`FileHandler` and subclasses do not make use of :mod:`multiprocessing` at "
"present, though they may do so in the future. Note that at present, the :mod:"
"`multiprocessing` module does not provide working lock functionality on all "
"platforms (see https://bugs.python.org/issue3770)."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez également écrire votre propre gestionnaire en utilisant la "
"classe :class:`~multiprocessing.Lock` du module :mod:`multiprocessing` pour "
"sérialiser l’accès au fichier depuis vos processus. Les actuels :class:"
"`FileHandler` et sous-classes n’utilisent pas :mod:`multiprocessing` pour le "
"moment, même s’ils pourraient le faire à l’avenir. Notez qu’à l’heure "
"actuelle, le module :mod:`multiprocessing` ne fournit pas un verrouillage "
"fonctionnel pour toutes les plates-formes (voir https://bugs.python.org/"
"issue3770)."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1272
msgid ""
"Alternatively, you can use a ``Queue`` and a :class:`QueueHandler` to send "
"all logging events to one of the processes in your multi-process "
"application. The following example script demonstrates how you can do this; "
"in the example a separate listener process listens for events sent by other "
"processes and logs them according to its own logging configuration. Although "
"the example only demonstrates one way of doing it (for example, you may want "
"to use a listener thread rather than a separate listener process -- the "
"implementation would be analogous) it does allow for completely different "
"logging configurations for the listener and the other processes in your "
"application, and can be used as the basis for code meeting your own specific "
"requirements::"
msgstr ""
"Autrement, vous pouvez utiliser une ``Queue`` et un :class:`QueueHandler` "
"pour envoyer tous les événements de journalisation à l’un des processus de "
"votre application multi-processus. L’exemple de script suivant montre "
"comment procéder ; dans l’exemple, un processus d’écoute distinct écoute les "
"événements envoyés par les autres processus et les journalise en fonction de "
"sa propre configuration de journalisation. Bien que l’exemple ne montre "
"qu’une seule façon de faire (par exemple, vous pouvez utiliser un fil "
"d’exécution d’écoute plutôt qu’un processus d’écoute séparé – "
"l’implémentation serait analogue), il permet des configurations de "
"journalisation complètement différentes pour celui qui écoute ainsi que pour "
"les autres processus de votre application, et peut être utilisé comme base "
"pour répondre à vos propres exigences ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1388
msgid ""
"A variant of the above script keeps the logging in the main process, in a "
"separate thread::"
msgstr ""
"Une variante du script ci-dessus conserve la journalisation dans le "
"processus principal, dans un fil séparé ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1483
msgid ""
"This variant shows how you can e.g. apply configuration for particular "
"loggers - e.g. the ``foo`` logger has a special handler which stores all "
"events in the ``foo`` subsystem in a file ``mplog-foo.log``. This will be "
"used by the logging machinery in the main process (even though the logging "
"events are generated in the worker processes) to direct the messages to the "
"appropriate destinations."
msgstr ""
"Cette variante montre comment appliquer la configuration pour des "
"enregistreurs particuliers – par exemple l’enregistreur ``foo`` a un "
"gestionnaire spécial qui stocke tous les événements du sous-système ``foo`` "
"dans un fichier ``mplog-foo.log``. C’est utilisé par le mécanisme de "
"journalisation dans le processus principal (même si les événements de "
"journalisation sont générés dans les processus de travail) pour diriger les "
"messages vers les destinations appropriées."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1490
msgid "Using concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor"
msgstr "Utilisation de concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1492
msgid ""
"If you want to use :class:`concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor` to start "
"your worker processes, you need to create the queue slightly differently. "
"Instead of"
msgstr ""
"Si vous souhaitez utiliser :class:`concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor` "
"pour démarrer vos processus de travail, vous devez créer la file d’attente "
"légèrement différemment. À la place de"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1500
msgid "you should use"
msgstr "vous devez écrire"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1506
msgid "and you can then replace the worker creation from this::"
msgstr ""
"et vous pouvez alors remplacer la création du processus de travail telle "
"que ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1517
msgid "to this (remembering to first import :mod:`concurrent.futures`)::"
msgstr ""
"par celle-ci (souvenez-vous d’importer au préalable :mod:`concurrent."
"futures`) ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1524
msgid "Deploying Web applications using Gunicorn and uWSGI"
msgstr "Déploiement d’applications Web avec *Gunicorn* et *uWSGI*"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1526
msgid ""
"When deploying Web applications using `Gunicorn <https://gunicorn.org/>`_ or "
"`uWSGI <https://uwsgi-docs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`_ (or similar), "
"multiple worker processes are created to handle client requests. In such "
"environments, avoid creating file-based handlers directly in your web "
"application. Instead, use a :class:`SocketHandler` to log from the web "
"application to a listener in a separate process. This can be set up using a "
"process management tool such as Supervisor - see `Running a logging socket "
"listener in production`_ for more details."
msgstr ""
"Lors du déploiement d’applications Web qui utilisent `Gunicorn <https://"
"gunicorn.org/>`_ ou `uWSGI <https://uwsgi-docs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`_ "
"(ou équivalent), plusieurs processus de travail sont créés pour traiter les "
"requêtes des clients. Dans de tels environnements, évitez de créer des "
"gestionnaires à fichiers directement dans votre application Web. Au lieu de "
"cela, utilisez un :class:`SocketHandler` pour journaliser depuis "
"l’application Web vers gestionnaire réseau à l’écoute dans un processus "
"séparé. Cela peut être configuré à l’aide d’un outil de gestion de processus "
"tel que *Supervisor* (voir `Journalisation en production à l’aide d’un "
"connecteur en écoute sur le réseau`_ pour plus de détails)."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1536
msgid "Using file rotation"
msgstr "Utilisation du roulement de fichiers"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1541
msgid ""
"Sometimes you want to let a log file grow to a certain size, then open a new "
"file and log to that. You may want to keep a certain number of these files, "
"and when that many files have been created, rotate the files so that the "
"number of files and the size of the files both remain bounded. For this "
"usage pattern, the logging package provides a :class:`~handlers."
"RotatingFileHandler`::"
msgstr ""
"Parfois, vous souhaitez laisser un fichier de journalisation grossir jusqu’à "
"une certaine taille, puis ouvrir un nouveau fichier et vous y enregistrer "
"les nouveaux événements. Vous souhaitez peut-être conserver un certain "
"nombre de ces fichiers et, lorsque ce nombre de fichiers aura été créé, "
"faire rouler les fichiers afin que le nombre de fichiers et la taille des "
"fichiers restent tous deux limités. Pour ce cas d’usage, :class:`~handlers."
"RotatingFileHandler` est inclus dans le paquet de journalisation ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1573
msgid ""
"The result should be 6 separate files, each with part of the log history for "
"the application:"
msgstr ""
"Vous devez obtenir 6 fichiers séparés, chacun contenant une partie de "
"l’historique de journalisation de l’application :"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1585
msgid ""
"The most current file is always :file:`logging_rotatingfile_example.out`, "
"and each time it reaches the size limit it is renamed with the suffix "
"``.1``. Each of the existing backup files is renamed to increment the suffix "
"(``.1`` becomes ``.2``, etc.)  and the ``.6`` file is erased."
msgstr ""
"Le fichier de journalisation actuel est toujours :file:"
"`logging_rotatingfile_example.out`, et chaque fois qu’il atteint la taille "
"limite, il est renommé avec le suffixe ``.1``. Chacun des fichiers de "
"sauvegarde existants est renommé pour incrémenter le suffixe (``.1`` devient "
"``.2``, etc.) et le fichier ``.6`` est effacé."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1590
msgid ""
"Obviously this example sets the log length much too small as an extreme "
"example.  You would want to set *maxBytes* to an appropriate value."
msgstr ""
"De toute évidence, la longueur du journal définie dans cet exemple est "
"beaucoup trop petite. À vous de définir *maxBytes* à une valeur appropriée."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1596
msgid "Use of alternative formatting styles"
msgstr "Utilisation d’autres styles de formatage"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1598
msgid ""
"When logging was added to the Python standard library, the only way of "
"formatting messages with variable content was to use the %-formatting "
"method. Since then, Python has gained two new formatting approaches: :class:"
"`string.Template` (added in Python 2.4) and :meth:`str.format` (added in "
"Python 2.6)."
msgstr ""
"Lorsque la journalisation a été ajoutée à la bibliothèque standard Python, "
"la seule façon de formater les messages avec un contenu variable était "
"d’utiliser la méthode de formatage avec « % ». Depuis, Python s’est enrichi "
"de deux nouvelles méthode de formatage : :class:`string.Template` (ajouté "
"dans Python 2.4) et :meth:`str.format` (ajouté dans Python 2.6)."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1604
msgid ""
"Logging (as of 3.2) provides improved support for these two additional "
"formatting styles. The :class:`Formatter` class been enhanced to take an "
"additional, optional keyword parameter named ``style``. This defaults to "
"``'%'``, but other possible values are ``'{'`` and ``'$'``, which correspond "
"to the other two formatting styles. Backwards compatibility is maintained by "
"default (as you would expect), but by explicitly specifying a style "
"parameter, you get the ability to specify format strings which work with :"
"meth:`str.format` or :class:`string.Template`. Here's an example console "
"session to show the possibilities:"
msgstr ""
"La journalisation (à partir de la version 3.2) offre une meilleure prise en "
"charge de ces deux styles de formatage supplémentaires. La classe :class:"
"`Formatter` a été améliorée pour accepter un paramètre par mot-clé "
"facultatif supplémentaire nommé ``style``. La valeur par défaut est ``'%'``, "
"les autres valeurs possibles étant ``'{'`` et ``'$'``, qui correspondent aux "
"deux autres styles de formatage. La rétrocompatibilité est maintenue par "
"défaut (comme vous vous en doutez) mais, en spécifiant explicitement un "
"paramètre de style, vous avez la possibilité de spécifier des chaînes de "
"format qui fonctionnent avec :meth:`str.format` ou :class:`string.Template`. "
"Voici un exemple de session interactive en console pour montrer les "
"possibilités :"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1638
msgid ""
"Note that the formatting of logging messages for final output to logs is "
"completely independent of how an individual logging message is constructed. "
"That can still use %-formatting, as shown here::"
msgstr ""
"Notez que le formatage des messages de journalisation est, au final, "
"complètement indépendant de la façon dont un message de journalisation "
"individuel est construit. Vous pouvez toujours utiliser formatage *via* "
"« % », comme ici ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1646
msgid ""
"Logging calls (``logger.debug()``, ``logger.info()`` etc.) only take "
"positional parameters for the actual logging message itself, with keyword "
"parameters used only for determining options for how to handle the actual "
"logging call (e.g. the ``exc_info`` keyword parameter to indicate that "
"traceback information should be logged, or the ``extra`` keyword parameter "
"to indicate additional contextual information to be added to the log). So "
"you cannot directly make logging calls using :meth:`str.format` or :class:"
"`string.Template` syntax, because internally the logging package uses %-"
"formatting to merge the format string and the variable arguments. There "
"would be no changing this while preserving backward compatibility, since all "
"logging calls which are out there in existing code will be using %-format "
"strings."
msgstr ""
"Les appels de journalisation (``logger.debug()``, ``logger.info()`` etc.) ne "
"prennent que des paramètres positionnels pour le message de journalisation "
"lui-même, les paramètres par mots-clés étant utilisés uniquement pour "
"déterminer comment gérer le message réel (par exemple, le paramètre par mot-"
"clé ``exc_info`` indique que les informations de trace doivent être "
"enregistrées, ou le paramètre par mot-clé ``extra`` indique des informations "
"contextuelles supplémentaires à ajouter au journal). Vous ne pouvez donc pas "
"inclure dans les appels de journalisation à l’aide de la syntaxe :meth:`str."
"format` ou :class:`string.Template`, car le paquet de journalisation utilise "
"le formatage via « % » en interne pour fusionner la chaîne de format et les "
"arguments de variables. Il n’est pas possible de changer ça tout en "
"préservant la rétrocompatibilité puisque tous les appels de journalisation "
"dans le code pré-existant utilisent des chaînes au format « % »."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1659
msgid ""
"There is, however, a way that you can use {}- and $- formatting to construct "
"your individual log messages. Recall that for a message you can use an "
"arbitrary object as a message format string, and that the logging package "
"will call ``str()`` on that object to get the actual format string. Consider "
"the following two classes::"
msgstr ""
"Il existe cependant un moyen d’utiliser le formatage *via* « {} » et « $ » "
"pour vos messages de journalisation. Rappelez-vous que, pour un message, "
"vous pouvez utiliser un objet arbitraire comme chaîne de format de message, "
"et que le package de journalisation appelle ``str()`` sur cet objet pour "
"fabriquer la chaîne finale. Considérez les deux classes suivantes ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1683
msgid ""
"Either of these can be used in place of a format string, to allow {}- or $-"
"formatting to be used to build the actual \"message\" part which appears in "
"the formatted log output in place of \"%(message)s\" or \"{message}\" or "
"\"$message\". It's a little unwieldy to use the class names whenever you "
"want to log something, but it's quite palatable if you use an alias such as "
"__ (double underscore --- not to be confused with _, the single underscore "
"used as a synonym/alias for :func:`gettext.gettext` or its brethren)."
msgstr ""
"L’une ou l’autre peut être utilisée à la place d’une chaîne de format "
"\"%(message)s\" ou \"{message}\" ou \"$message\", afin de mettre en forme "
"*via* « { } » ou « $ » la partie « message réel » qui apparaît dans la "
"sortie de journal formatée. Il est un peu lourd d’utiliser les noms de "
"classe chaque fois que vous voulez journaliser quelque chose, mais ça "
"devient acceptable si vous utilisez un alias tel que __ (double trait de "
"soulignement — à ne pas confondre avec _, le trait de soulignement unique "
"utilisé comme alias pour :func:`gettext.gettext` ou ses homologues)."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1691
msgid ""
"The above classes are not included in Python, though they're easy enough to "
"copy and paste into your own code. They can be used as follows (assuming "
"that they're declared in a module called ``wherever``):"
msgstr ""
"Les classes ci-dessus ne sont pas incluses dans Python, bien qu’elles soient "
"assez faciles à copier et coller dans votre propre code. Elles peuvent être "
"utilisées comme suit (en supposant qu’elles soient déclarées dans un module "
"appelé ``wherever``) :"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1713
msgid ""
"While the above examples use ``print()`` to show how the formatting works, "
"you would of course use ``logger.debug()`` or similar to actually log using "
"this approach."
msgstr ""
"Alors que les exemples ci-dessus utilisent ``print()`` pour montrer comment "
"fonctionne le formatage, utilisez bien sûr ``logger.debug()`` ou similaire "
"pour journaliser avec cette approche."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1717
msgid ""
"One thing to note is that you pay no significant performance penalty with "
"this approach: the actual formatting happens not when you make the logging "
"call, but when (and if) the logged message is actually about to be output to "
"a log by a handler. So the only slightly unusual thing which might trip you "
"up is that the parentheses go around the format string and the arguments, "
"not just the format string. That's because the __ notation is just syntax "
"sugar for a constructor call to one of the XXXMessage classes."
msgstr ""
"Une chose à noter est qu’il n’y a pas de perte de performance significative "
"avec cette approche : le formatage réel ne se produit pas lorsque vous "
"effectuez l’appel de journalisation, mais lorsque (et si) le message "
"journalisé est réellement sur le point d’être écrit dans un journal par un "
"gestionnaire. Ainsi, la seule chose légèrement inhabituelle qui pourrait "
"vous perturber est que les parenthèses entourent la chaîne de format et les "
"arguments, pas seulement la chaîne de format. C’est parce que la notation __ "
"n’est que du sucre syntaxique pour un appel de constructeur à l’une des "
"classes ``XXXMessage``."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1725
msgid ""
"If you prefer, you can use a :class:`LoggerAdapter` to achieve a similar "
"effect to the above, as in the following example::"
msgstr ""
"Si vous préférez, vous pouvez utiliser un :class:`LoggerAdapter` pour "
"obtenir un effet similaire à ce qui précède, comme dans l’exemple suivant ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1756
msgid ""
"The above script should log the message ``Hello, world!`` when run with "
"Python 3.2 or later."
msgstr ""
"Le script ci-dessus journalise le message ``Hello, world!`` quand il est "
"lancé avec Python 3.2 ou ultérieur."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1765
msgid "Customizing ``LogRecord``"
msgstr "Personnalisation de ``LogRecord``"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1767
msgid ""
"Every logging event is represented by a :class:`LogRecord` instance. When an "
"event is logged and not filtered out by a logger's level, a :class:"
"`LogRecord` is created, populated with information about the event and then "
"passed to the handlers for that logger (and its ancestors, up to and "
"including the logger where further propagation up the hierarchy is "
"disabled). Before Python 3.2, there were only two places where this creation "
"was done:"
msgstr ""
"Chaque événement de journalisation est représenté par une instance :class:"
"`LogRecord`. Lorsqu’un événement est enregistré et non filtré en raison du "
"niveau d’un enregistreur, un :class:`LogRecord` est créé, rempli avec les "
"informations de l’événement, puis transmis aux gestionnaires de cet "
"enregistreur (et ses ancêtres, jusqu’à et y compris l’enregistreur où la "
"propagation vers le haut de la hiérarchie est désactivée). Avant Python 3.2, "
"il n’y avait que deux endroits où cette création était effectuée :"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1774
msgid ""
":meth:`Logger.makeRecord`, which is called in the normal process of logging "
"an event. This invoked :class:`LogRecord` directly to create an instance."
msgstr ""
":meth:`Logger.makeRecord`, qui est appelée dans le processus normal de "
"journalisation d’un événement. Elle appelait :class:`LogRecord` directement "
"pour créer une instance."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1777
msgid ""
":func:`makeLogRecord`, which is called with a dictionary containing "
"attributes to be added to the LogRecord. This is typically invoked when a "
"suitable dictionary has been received over the network (e.g. in pickle form "
"via a :class:`~handlers.SocketHandler`, or in JSON form via an :class:"
"`~handlers.HTTPHandler`)."
msgstr ""
":func:`makeLogRecord`, qui est appelée avec un dictionnaire contenant des "
"attributs à ajouter au *LogRecord*. Elle est généralement invoquée lorsqu’un "
"dictionnaire approprié a été reçu par le réseau (par exemple, sous forme de "
"*pickle* *via* un :class:`~handlers.SocketHandler`, ou sous format JSON "
"*via* un :class:`~handlers.HTTPHandler`)."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1783
msgid ""
"This has usually meant that if you need to do anything special with a :class:"
"`LogRecord`, you've had to do one of the following."
msgstr ""
"Cela signifiait généralement que, si vous deviez faire quelque chose de "
"spécial avec un :class:`LogRecord`, vous deviez faire l’une des choses "
"suivantes."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1786
msgid ""
"Create your own :class:`Logger` subclass, which overrides :meth:`Logger."
"makeRecord`, and set it using :func:`~logging.setLoggerClass` before any "
"loggers that you care about are instantiated."
msgstr ""
"Créer votre propre sous-classe :class:`Logger`, surchargeant :meth:`Logger."
"makeRecord`, et la personnaliser à l’aide de :func:`~logging.setLoggerClass` "
"avant que les enregistreurs qui vous intéressaient ne soient instanciés."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1789
msgid ""
"Add a :class:`Filter` to a logger or handler, which does the necessary "
"special manipulation you need when its :meth:`~Filter.filter` method is "
"called."
msgstr ""
"Ajouter un :class:`Filter` à un enregistreur ou un gestionnaire, qui "
"effectuait la manipulation spéciale nécessaire dont vous aviez besoin "
"lorsque sa méthode :meth:`~Filter.filter` était appelée."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1793
msgid ""
"The first approach would be a little unwieldy in the scenario where (say) "
"several different libraries wanted to do different things. Each would "
"attempt to set its own :class:`Logger` subclass, and the one which did this "
"last would win."
msgstr ""
"La première approche est un peu lourde dans le scénario où (disons) "
"plusieurs bibliothèques différentes veulent faire des choses différentes. "
"Chacun essaie de définir sa propre sous-classe :class:`Logger`, et celui qui "
"l’a fait en dernier gagne."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1798
msgid ""
"The second approach works reasonably well for many cases, but does not allow "
"you to e.g. use a specialized subclass of :class:`LogRecord`. Library "
"developers can set a suitable filter on their loggers, but they would have "
"to remember to do this every time they introduced a new logger (which they "
"would do simply by adding new packages or modules and doing ::"
msgstr ""
"La seconde approche fonctionne raisonnablement bien dans de nombreux cas, "
"mais ne vous permet pas, par exemple, d’utiliser une sous-classe spécialisée "
"de :class:`LogRecord`. Les développeurs de bibliothèques peuvent définir un "
"filtre approprié sur leurs enregistreurs, mais ils doivent se rappeler de le "
"faire chaque fois qu’ils introduisent un nouvel enregistreur (ce qu’ils font "
"simplement en ajoutant de nouveaux paquets ou modules et en écrivant ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1806
msgid ""
"at module level). It's probably one too many things to think about. "
"Developers could also add the filter to a :class:`~logging.NullHandler` "
"attached to their top-level logger, but this would not be invoked if an "
"application developer attached a handler to a lower-level library logger --- "
"so output from that handler would not reflect the intentions of the library "
"developer."
msgstr ""
"au niveau des modules). C’est probablement trop de choses auxquelles penser. "
"Les développeurs pourraient également ajouter le filtre à un :class:"
"`~logging.NullHandler` attaché à leur enregistreur de niveau supérieur, mais "
"cela ne serait pas invoqué si un développeur d’application attachait un "
"gestionnaire à un enregistreur de bibliothèque de niveau inférieur — donc la "
"sortie de ce gestionnaire ne refléterait pas les intentions du développeur "
"de la bibliothèque."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1812
msgid ""
"In Python 3.2 and later, :class:`~logging.LogRecord` creation is done "
"through a factory, which you can specify. The factory is just a callable you "
"can set with :func:`~logging.setLogRecordFactory`, and interrogate with :"
"func:`~logging.getLogRecordFactory`. The factory is invoked with the same "
"signature as the :class:`~logging.LogRecord` constructor, as :class:"
"`LogRecord` is the default setting for the factory."
msgstr ""
"Dans Python 3.2 et ultérieurs, la création de :class:`~logging.LogRecord` "
"est effectuée via une fabrique, que vous pouvez spécifier. La fabrique est "
"juste un appelable que vous pouvez définir avec :func:`~logging."
"setLogRecordFactory`, et interroger avec :func:`~logging."
"getLogRecordFactory`. La fabrique est invoquée avec la même signature que le "
"constructeur :class:`~logging.LogRecord`, car :class:`LogRecord` est le "
"paramètre par défaut de la fabrique."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1819
msgid ""
"This approach allows a custom factory to control all aspects of LogRecord "
"creation. For example, you could return a subclass, or just add some "
"additional attributes to the record once created, using a pattern similar to "
"this::"
msgstr ""
"Cette approche permet à une fabrique personnalisée de contrôler tous les "
"aspects de la création d’un *LogRecord*. Par exemple, vous pouvez renvoyer "
"une sous-classe ou simplement ajouter des attributs supplémentaires à "
"l’enregistrement une fois créé, en utilisant un modèle similaire à celui-"
"ci ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1832
msgid ""
"This pattern allows different libraries to chain factories together, and as "
"long as they don't overwrite each other's attributes or unintentionally "
"overwrite the attributes provided as standard, there should be no surprises. "
"However, it should be borne in mind that each link in the chain adds run-"
"time overhead to all logging operations, and the technique should only be "
"used when the use of a :class:`Filter` does not provide the desired result."
msgstr ""
"Ce modèle permet à différentes bibliothèques d’enchaîner des fabriques, et "
"tant qu’elles n’écrasent pas les attributs des autres ou n’écrasent pas "
"involontairement les attributs fournis en standard, il ne devrait pas y "
"avoir de surprise. Cependant, il faut garder à l’esprit que chaque maillon "
"de la chaîne ajoute une surcharge d’exécution à toutes les opérations de "
"journalisation, et la technique ne doit être utilisée que lorsque "
"l’utilisation d’un :class:`Filter` ne permet pas d’obtenir le résultat "
"souhaité."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1843
msgid "Subclassing QueueHandler - a ZeroMQ example"
msgstr "Dérivation de *QueueHandler* – un exemple de *ZeroMQ*"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1845
msgid ""
"You can use a :class:`QueueHandler` subclass to send messages to other kinds "
"of queues, for example a ZeroMQ 'publish' socket. In the example below,the "
"socket is created separately and passed to the handler (as its 'queue')::"
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez utiliser une sous-classe :class:`QueueHandler` pour envoyer des "
"messages à d’autres types de files d’attente, par exemple un connecteur "
"*ZeroMQ publish*. Dans l’exemple ci-dessous, le connecteur est créé "
"séparément et transmis au gestionnaire (en tant que file d’attente) ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1864
msgid ""
"Of course there are other ways of organizing this, for example passing in "
"the data needed by the handler to create the socket::"
msgstr ""
"Bien sûr, il existe d’autres manières de faire, par exemple en transmettant "
"les données nécessaires au gestionnaire pour créer le connecteur ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1882
msgid "Subclassing QueueListener - a ZeroMQ example"
msgstr "Dérivation de *QueueListener* – un exemple de *ZeroMQ*"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1884
msgid ""
"You can also subclass :class:`QueueListener` to get messages from other "
"kinds of queues, for example a ZeroMQ 'subscribe' socket. Here's an example::"
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez également dériver :class:`QueueListener` pour obtenir des "
"messages d’autres types de files d’attente, par exemple un connecteur "
"*ZeroMQ subscribe*. Voici un exemple ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1903 howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3944
msgid "Module :mod:`logging`"
msgstr "Module :mod:`logging`"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1903 howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3944
msgid "API reference for the logging module."
msgstr "Référence de l’API du module de journalisation."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1906 howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3947
msgid "Module :mod:`logging.config`"
msgstr "Module :mod:`logging.config`"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1906 howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3947
msgid "Configuration API for the logging module."
msgstr "API pour la configuration du module de journalisation."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1909 howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3950
msgid "Module :mod:`logging.handlers`"
msgstr "Module :mod:`logging.handlers`"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1909 howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3950
msgid "Useful handlers included with the logging module."
msgstr "Gestionnaires utiles inclus avec le module de journalisation."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1911
msgid ":ref:`A basic logging tutorial <logging-basic-tutorial>`"
msgstr ""
":ref:`Les bases de l’utilisation du module de journalisation <logging-basic-"
"tutorial>`"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1913
msgid ":ref:`A more advanced logging tutorial <logging-advanced-tutorial>`"
msgstr ""
":ref:`Utilisation avancée du module de journalisation <logging-advanced-"
"tutorial>`"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1917
msgid "An example dictionary-based configuration"
msgstr "Exemple de configuration basée sur un dictionnaire"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1919
msgid ""
"Below is an example of a logging configuration dictionary - it's taken from "
"the `documentation on the Django project <https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/"
"stable/topics/logging/#configuring-logging>`_. This dictionary is passed to :"
"func:`~config.dictConfig` to put the configuration into effect::"
msgstr ""
"Vous trouverez ci-dessous un exemple de dictionnaire de configuration de "
"journalisation ­– il est tiré de la `documentation du projet Django <https://"
"docs.djangoproject.com/fr/stable/topics/logging/#configuring-logging>`_. Ce "
"dictionnaire est passé à :func:`~config.dictConfig` pour activer la "
"configuration ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1975
msgid ""
"For more information about this configuration, you can see the `relevant "
"section <https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/stable/topics/logging/"
"#configuring-logging>`_ of the Django documentation."
msgstr ""
"Pour plus d’informations sur cette configuration, vous pouvez consulter la "
"`section correspondante <https://docs.djangoproject.com/fr/stable/topics/"
"logging/#configuring-logging>`_ de la documentation de *Django*."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1982
msgid "Using a rotator and namer to customize log rotation processing"
msgstr ""
"Utilisation d’un rotateur et d’un nom pour personnaliser la rotation des "
"journaux"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:1984
msgid ""
"An example of how you can define a namer and rotator is given in the "
"following runnable script, which shows gzip compression of the log file::"
msgstr ""
"L’extrait de code suivant fournit un exemple de la façon dont vous pouvez "
"définir un nom et un rotateur, avec la compression par *zlib* du journal ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2015
msgid ""
"After running this, you will see six new files, five of which are compressed:"
msgstr ""
"Après l'avoir exécuté, vous verrez six nouveaux fichiers, dont cinq sont "
"compressés :"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2028
msgid "A more elaborate multiprocessing example"
msgstr "Exemple plus élaboré avec traitement en parallèle"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2030
msgid ""
"The following working example shows how logging can be used with "
"multiprocessing using configuration files. The configurations are fairly "
"simple, but serve to illustrate how more complex ones could be implemented "
"in a real multiprocessing scenario."
msgstr ""
"L’exemple suivant que nous allons étudier montre comment la journalisation "
"peut être utilisée, à l’aide de fichiers de configuration, pour un programme "
"effectuant des traitements parallèles. Les configurations sont assez "
"simples, mais servent à illustrer comment des configurations plus complexes "
"pourraient être implémentées dans un scénario multi-processus réel."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2014
msgid ""
"In the example, the main process spawns a listener process and some worker "
"processes. Each of the main process, the listener and the workers have three "
"separate configurations (the workers all share the same configuration). We "
"can see logging in the main process, how the workers log to a QueueHandler "
"and how the listener implements a QueueListener and a more complex logging "
"configuration, and arranges to dispatch events received via the queue to the "
"handlers specified in the configuration. Note that these configurations are "
"purely illustrative, but you should be able to adapt this example to your "
"own scenario."
msgstr ""
"Dans l’exemple, le processus principal génère un processus d’écoute et des "
"processus de travail. Chacun des processus, le principal, l’auditeur "
"(*listener_process* dans l’exemple) et les processus de travail "
"(*worker_process* dans l’exemple) ont trois configurations distinctes (les "
"processus de travail partagent tous la même configuration). Nous pouvons "
"voir la journalisation dans le processus principal, comment les processus de "
"travail se connectent à un *QueueHandler* et comment l’auditeur implémente "
"un *QueueListener* avec une configuration de journalisation plus complexe, "
"et s’arrange pour envoyer les événements reçus *via* la file d’attente aux "
"gestionnaires spécifiés dans la configuration. Notez que ces configurations "
"sont purement illustratives, mais vous devriez pouvoir adapter cet exemple à "
"votre propre scénario."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2045
msgid ""
"Here's the script - the docstrings and the comments hopefully explain how it "
"works::"
msgstr ""
"Voici le script – les chaines de documentation et les commentaires "
"expliquent (en anglais), le principe de fonctionnement ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2257
msgid "Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandler"
msgstr "Insertion d’une *BOM* dans les messages envoyés à un *SysLogHandler*"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2259
msgid ""
":rfc:`5424` requires that a Unicode message be sent to a syslog daemon as a "
"set of bytes which have the following structure: an optional pure-ASCII "
"component, followed by a UTF-8 Byte Order Mark (BOM), followed by Unicode "
"encoded using UTF-8. (See the :rfc:`relevant section of the specification "
"<5424#section-6>`.)"
msgstr ""
"La :rfc:`5424` requiert qu’un message Unicode soit envoyé à un démon "
"*syslog* sous la forme d’un ensemble d’octets ayant la structure suivante : "
"un composant ASCII pur facultatif, suivi d’une marque d’ordre d’octet (*BOM* "
"pour *Byte Order Mark* en anglais) UTF-8, suivie de contenu Unicode UTF-8 "
"(voir la :rfc:`la spécification correspondante <5424#section-6>`)."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2265
msgid ""
"In Python 3.1, code was added to :class:`~logging.handlers.SysLogHandler` to "
"insert a BOM into the message, but unfortunately, it was implemented "
"incorrectly, with the BOM appearing at the beginning of the message and "
"hence not allowing any pure-ASCII component to appear before it."
msgstr ""
"Dans Python 3.1, du code a été ajouté à :class:`~logging.handlers."
"SysLogHandler` pour insérer une *BOM* dans le message mais, malheureusement, "
"il a été implémenté de manière incorrecte, la *BOM* apparaissant au début du "
"message et n’autorisant donc aucun composant ASCII pur à être placé devant."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2271
msgid ""
"As this behaviour is broken, the incorrect BOM insertion code is being "
"removed from Python 3.2.4 and later. However, it is not being replaced, and "
"if you want to produce :rfc:`5424`-compliant messages which include a BOM, "
"an optional pure-ASCII sequence before it and arbitrary Unicode after it, "
"encoded using UTF-8, then you need to do the following:"
msgstr ""
"Comme ce comportement est inadéquat, le code incorrect d’insertion de la "
"*BOM* a été supprimé de Python 3.2.4 et ultérieurs. Cependant, il n’est pas "
"remplacé et, si vous voulez produire des messages conformes :rfc:`5424` qui "
"incluent une *BOM*, une séquence facultative en ASCII pur avant et un "
"Unicode arbitraire après, encodé en UTF-8, alors vous devez appliquer ce qui "
"suit :"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2277
msgid ""
"Attach a :class:`~logging.Formatter` instance to your :class:`~logging."
"handlers.SysLogHandler` instance, with a format string such as::"
msgstr ""
"Adjoignez une instance :class:`~logging.Formatter` à votre instance :class:"
"`~logging.handlers.SysLogHandler`, avec une chaîne de format telle que ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2283
msgid ""
"The Unicode code point U+FEFF, when encoded using UTF-8, will be encoded as "
"a UTF-8 BOM -- the byte-string ``b'\\xef\\xbb\\xbf'``."
msgstr ""
"Le point de code Unicode U+FEFF, lorsqu’il est encodé en UTF-8, est encodé "
"comme une *BOM* UTF-8 – la chaîne d’octets ``b'\\xef\\xbb\\xbf'``."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2286
msgid ""
"Replace the ASCII section with whatever placeholders you like, but make sure "
"that the data that appears in there after substitution is always ASCII (that "
"way, it will remain unchanged after UTF-8 encoding)."
msgstr ""
"Remplacez la section ASCII par les caractères de votre choix, mais assurez-"
"vous que les données qui y apparaissent après la substitution sont toujours "
"ASCII (ainsi elles resteront inchangées après l’encodage UTF-8)."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2290
msgid ""
"Replace the Unicode section with whatever placeholders you like; if the data "
"which appears there after substitution contains characters outside the ASCII "
"range, that's fine -- it will be encoded using UTF-8."
msgstr ""
"Remplacez la section Unicode par le contenu de votre choix ; si les données "
"qui y apparaissent après la substitution contiennent des caractères en "
"dehors de la plage ASCII, c’est pris en charge – elles seront encodées en "
"UTF-8."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2294
msgid ""
"The formatted message *will* be encoded using UTF-8 encoding by "
"``SysLogHandler``. If you follow the above rules, you should be able to "
"produce :rfc:`5424`-compliant messages. If you don't, logging may not "
"complain, but your messages will not be RFC 5424-compliant, and your syslog "
"daemon may complain."
msgstr ""
"Le message formaté *sera* encodé en UTF-8 par ``SysLogHandler``. Si vous "
"suivez les règles ci-dessus, vous devriez pouvoir produire des messages "
"conformes à la :rfc:`5424`. Si vous ne le faites pas, la journalisation ne "
"se plaindra peut-être pas, mais vos messages ne seront pas conformes à la "
"RFC 5424 et votre démon *syslog* est susceptible de se plaindre."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2301
msgid "Implementing structured logging"
msgstr "Journalisation structurée"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2303
msgid ""
"Although most logging messages are intended for reading by humans, and thus "
"not readily machine-parseable, there might be circumstances where you want "
"to output messages in a structured format which *is* capable of being parsed "
"by a program (without needing complex regular expressions to parse the log "
"message). This is straightforward to achieve using the logging package. "
"There are a number of ways in which this could be achieved, but the "
"following is a simple approach which uses JSON to serialise the event in a "
"machine-parseable manner::"
msgstr ""
"Bien que la plupart des messages de journalisation soient destinés à être "
"lus par des humains, et donc difficilement analysables par la machine, il "
"peut arriver que vous souhaitiez produire des messages dans un format "
"structuré dans le but d’être analysé par un programme (sans avoir besoin "
"d’expressions régulières complexes pour analyser le message du journal). "
"C’est simple à réaliser en utilisant le paquet de journalisation. Il existe "
"plusieurs façons d’y parvenir et voici une approche simple qui utilise JSON "
"pour sérialiser l’événement de manière à être analysable par une machine ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2327
msgid "If the above script is run, it prints:"
msgstr "Si vous lancez le script ci-dessus, il imprime :"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2333 howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2375
msgid ""
"Note that the order of items might be different according to the version of "
"Python used."
msgstr ""
"Notez que l’ordre des éléments peut être différent en fonction de la version "
"de Python utilisée."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2336
msgid ""
"If you need more specialised processing, you can use a custom JSON encoder, "
"as in the following complete example::"
msgstr ""
"Si vous avez besoin d’un traitement plus spécifique, vous pouvez utiliser un "
"encodeur JSON personnalisé, comme dans l’exemple complet suivant ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2369
msgid "When the above script is run, it prints:"
msgstr "Quand vous exécutez le script ci-dessus, il imprime :"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2384
msgid "Customizing handlers with :func:`dictConfig`"
msgstr "Personnalisation des gestionnaires avec :func:`dictConfig`"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2386
msgid ""
"There are times when you want to customize logging handlers in particular "
"ways, and if you use :func:`dictConfig` you may be able to do this without "
"subclassing. As an example, consider that you may want to set the ownership "
"of a log file. On POSIX, this is easily done using :func:`shutil.chown`, but "
"the file handlers in the stdlib don't offer built-in support. You can "
"customize handler creation using a plain function such as::"
msgstr ""
"Il arrive de souhaiter personnaliser les gestionnaires de journalisation "
"d’une manière particulière et, en utilisant :func:`dictConfig`, vous pourrez "
"peut-être le faire sans avoir à dériver les classes mères. Par exemple, "
"supposons que vous souhaitiez définir le propriétaire d’un fichier journal. "
"Dans un environnement POSIX, cela se fait facilement en utilisant :func:"
"`shutil.chown`, mais les gestionnaires de fichiers de la bibliothèque "
"standard n’offrent pas cette gestion nativement. Vous pouvez personnaliser "
"la création du gestionnaire à l’aide d’une fonction simple telle que ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2400
msgid ""
"You can then specify, in a logging configuration passed to :func:"
"`dictConfig`, that a logging handler be created by calling this function::"
msgstr ""
"Vous pouvez ensuite spécifier, dans une configuration de journalisation "
"transmise à :func:`dictConfig`, qu’un gestionnaire de journalisation soit "
"créé en appelant cette fonction ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2433
msgid ""
"In this example I am setting the ownership using the ``pulse`` user and "
"group, just for the purposes of illustration. Putting it together into a "
"working script, ``chowntest.py``::"
msgstr ""
"Dans cet exemple, nous définissons le propriétaire à l’utilisateur et au "
"groupe ``pulse``, uniquement à des fins d’illustration. Rassemblons le tout "
"dans un script ``chowntest.py`` ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2480
msgid "To run this, you will probably need to run as ``root``:"
msgstr ""
"Pour l’exécuter, vous devrez probablement le faire en tant que ``root`` :"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2490
msgid ""
"Note that this example uses Python 3.3 because that's where :func:`shutil."
"chown` makes an appearance. This approach should work with any Python "
"version that supports :func:`dictConfig` - namely, Python 2.7, 3.2 or later. "
"With pre-3.3 versions, you would need to implement the actual ownership "
"change using e.g. :func:`os.chown`."
msgstr ""
"Notez que cet exemple utilise Python 3.3 car c’est là que :func:`shutil."
"chown` fait son apparition. Cette approche devrait fonctionner avec "
"n’importe quelle version de Python prenant en charge :func:`dictConfig` – à "
"savoir, Python 2.7, 3.2 ou version ultérieure. Avec les versions antérieures "
"à la 3.3, vous devrez implémenter le changement de propriétaire réel en "
"utilisant par exemple :func:`os.chown`."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2496
msgid ""
"In practice, the handler-creating function may be in a utility module "
"somewhere in your project. Instead of the line in the configuration::"
msgstr ""
"En pratique, la fonction de création de gestionnaire peut être située dans "
"un module utilitaire ailleurs dans votre projet. Au lieu de cette ligne dans "
"la configuration ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2501
msgid "you could use e.g.::"
msgstr "vous pouvez écrire par exemple ::"

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2505
msgid ""
"where ``project.util`` can be replaced with the actual name of the package "
"where the function resides. In the above working script, using ``'ext://"
"__main__.owned_file_handler'`` should work. Here, the actual callable is "
"resolved by :func:`dictConfig` from the ``ext://`` specification."
msgstr ""
"où ``project.util`` peut être remplacé par le nom réel du paquet où réside "
"la fonction. Dans le script étudié ci-dessus, l’utilisation de ``'ext://"
"__main__.owned_file_handler'`` devrait fonctionner. Dans le cas présent, "
"l’appelable réel est résolu par :func:`dictConfig` à partir de la "
"spécification ``ext://``."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2510
msgid ""
"This example hopefully also points the way to how you could implement other "
"types of file change - e.g. setting specific POSIX permission bits - in the "
"same way, using :func:`os.chmod`."
msgstr ""
"Nous espérons qu'à partir de cet exemple vous saurez implémenter d’autres "
"types de modification de fichier – par ex. définir des bits d’autorisation "
"POSIX spécifiques – de la même manière, en utilisant :func:`os.chmod`."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2514
msgid ""
"Of course, the approach could also be extended to types of handler other "
"than a :class:`~logging.FileHandler` - for example, one of the rotating file "
"handlers, or a different type of handler altogether."
msgstr ""
"Bien sûr, l’approche pourrait également être étendue à des types de "
"gestionnaires autres qu’un :class:`~logging.FileHandler` – par exemple, l’un "
"des gestionnaires à roulement de fichiers ou un autre type de gestionnaire "
"complètement différent."

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2524
msgid "Using particular formatting styles throughout your application"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2526
msgid ""
"In Python 3.2, the :class:`~logging.Formatter` gained a ``style`` keyword "
"parameter which, while defaulting to ``%`` for backward compatibility, "
"allowed the specification of ``{`` or ``$`` to support the formatting "
"approaches supported by :meth:`str.format` and :class:`string.Template`. "
"Note that this governs the formatting of logging messages for final output "
"to logs, and is completely orthogonal to how an individual logging message "
"is constructed."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2533
msgid ""
"Logging calls (:meth:`~Logger.debug`, :meth:`~Logger.info` etc.) only take "
"positional parameters for the actual logging message itself, with keyword "
"parameters used only for determining options for how to handle the logging "
"call (e.g. the ``exc_info`` keyword parameter to indicate that traceback "
"information should be logged, or the ``extra`` keyword parameter to indicate "
"additional contextual information to be added to the log). So you cannot "
"directly make logging calls using :meth:`str.format` or :class:`string."
"Template` syntax, because internally the logging package uses %-formatting "
"to merge the format string and the variable arguments. There would no "
"changing this while preserving backward compatibility, since all logging "
"calls which are out there in existing code will be using %-format strings."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2545
msgid ""
"There have been suggestions to associate format styles with specific "
"loggers, but that approach also runs into backward compatibility problems "
"because any existing code could be using a given logger name and using %-"
"formatting."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2549
msgid ""
"For logging to work interoperably between any third-party libraries and your "
"code, decisions about formatting need to be made at the level of the "
"individual logging call. This opens up a couple of ways in which alternative "
"formatting styles can be accommodated."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2556
msgid "Using LogRecord factories"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2558
msgid ""
"In Python 3.2, along with the :class:`~logging.Formatter` changes mentioned "
"above, the logging package gained the ability to allow users to set their "
"own :class:`LogRecord` subclasses, using the :func:`setLogRecordFactory` "
"function. You can use this to set your own subclass of :class:`LogRecord`, "
"which does the Right Thing by overriding the :meth:`~LogRecord.getMessage` "
"method. The base class implementation of this method is where the ``msg % "
"args`` formatting happens, and where you can substitute your alternate "
"formatting; however, you should be careful to support all formatting styles "
"and allow %-formatting as the default, to ensure interoperability with other "
"code. Care should also be taken to call ``str(self.msg)``, just as the base "
"implementation does."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2569
msgid ""
"Refer to the reference documentation on :func:`setLogRecordFactory` and :"
"class:`LogRecord` for more information."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2574
msgid "Using custom message objects"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2576
msgid ""
"There is another, perhaps simpler way that you can use {}- and $- formatting "
"to construct your individual log messages. You may recall (from :ref:"
"`arbitrary-object-messages`) that when logging you can use an arbitrary "
"object as a message format string, and that the logging package will call :"
"func:`str` on that object to get the actual format string. Consider the "
"following two classes::"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2601
msgid ""
"Either of these can be used in place of a format string, to allow {}- or $-"
"formatting to be used to build the actual \"message\" part which appears in "
"the formatted log output in place of “%(message)s” or “{message}” or "
"“$message”. If you find it a little unwieldy to use the class names whenever "
"you want to log something, you can make it more palatable if you use an "
"alias such as ``M`` or ``_`` for the message (or perhaps ``__``, if you are "
"using ``_`` for localization)."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2609
msgid ""
"Examples of this approach are given below. Firstly, formatting with :meth:"
"`str.format`::"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2623
msgid "Secondly, formatting with :class:`string.Template`::"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2630
msgid ""
"One thing to note is that you pay no significant performance penalty with "
"this approach: the actual formatting happens not when you make the logging "
"call, but when (and if) the logged message is actually about to be output to "
"a log by a handler. So the only slightly unusual thing which might trip you "
"up is that the parentheses go around the format string and the arguments, "
"not just the format string. That’s because the __ notation is just syntax "
"sugar for a constructor call to one of the ``XXXMessage`` classes shown "
"above."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2644
msgid "Configuring filters with :func:`dictConfig`"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2646
msgid ""
"You *can* configure filters using :func:`~logging.config.dictConfig`, though "
"it might not be obvious at first glance how to do it (hence this recipe). "
"Since :class:`~logging.Filter` is the only filter class included in the "
"standard library, and it is unlikely to cater to many requirements (it's "
"only there as a base class), you will typically need to define your own :"
"class:`~logging.Filter` subclass with an overridden :meth:`~logging.Filter."
"filter` method. To do this, specify the ``()`` key in the configuration "
"dictionary for the filter, specifying a callable which will be used to "
"create the filter (a class is the most obvious, but you can provide any "
"callable which returns a :class:`~logging.Filter` instance). Here is a "
"complete example::"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2699
msgid ""
"This example shows how you can pass configuration data to the callable which "
"constructs the instance, in the form of keyword parameters. When run, the "
"above script will print:"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2707
msgid "which shows that the filter is working as configured."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2709
msgid "A couple of extra points to note:"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2711
msgid ""
"If you can't refer to the callable directly in the configuration (e.g. if it "
"lives in a different module, and you can't import it directly where the "
"configuration dictionary is), you can use the form ``ext://...`` as "
"described in :ref:`logging-config-dict-externalobj`. For example, you could "
"have used the text ``'ext://__main__.MyFilter'`` instead of ``MyFilter`` in "
"the above example."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2718
msgid ""
"As well as for filters, this technique can also be used to configure custom "
"handlers and formatters. See :ref:`logging-config-dict-userdef` for more "
"information on how logging supports using user-defined objects in its "
"configuration, and see the other cookbook recipe :ref:`custom-handlers` "
"above."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2727
msgid "Customized exception formatting"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2729
msgid ""
"There might be times when you want to do customized exception formatting - "
"for argument's sake, let's say you want exactly one line per logged event, "
"even when exception information is present. You can do this with a custom "
"formatter class, as shown in the following example::"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2770
msgid "When run, this produces a file with exactly two lines:"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2777
msgid ""
"While the above treatment is simplistic, it points the way to how exception "
"information can be formatted to your liking. The :mod:`traceback` module may "
"be helpful for more specialized needs."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2784
msgid "Speaking logging messages"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2786
msgid ""
"There might be situations when it is desirable to have logging messages "
"rendered in an audible rather than a visible format. This is easy to do if "
"you have text-to-speech (TTS) functionality available in your system, even "
"if it doesn't have a Python binding. Most TTS systems have a command line "
"program you can run, and this can be invoked from a handler using :mod:"
"`subprocess`. It's assumed here that TTS command line programs won't expect "
"to interact with users or take a long time to complete, and that the "
"frequency of logged messages will be not so high as to swamp the user with "
"messages, and that it's acceptable to have the messages spoken one at a time "
"rather than concurrently, The example implementation below waits for one "
"message to be spoken before the next is processed, and this might cause "
"other handlers to be kept waiting. Here is a short example showing the "
"approach, which assumes that the ``espeak`` TTS package is available::"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2828
msgid ""
"When run, this script should say \"Hello\" and then \"Goodbye\" in a female "
"voice."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2830
msgid ""
"The above approach can, of course, be adapted to other TTS systems and even "
"other systems altogether which can process messages via external programs "
"run from a command line."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2838
msgid "Buffering logging messages and outputting them conditionally"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2840
msgid ""
"There might be situations where you want to log messages in a temporary area "
"and only output them if a certain condition occurs. For example, you may "
"want to start logging debug events in a function, and if the function "
"completes without errors, you don't want to clutter the log with the "
"collected debug information, but if there is an error, you want all the "
"debug information to be output as well as the error."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2847
msgid ""
"Here is an example which shows how you could do this using a decorator for "
"your functions where you want logging to behave this way. It makes use of "
"the :class:`logging.handlers.MemoryHandler`, which allows buffering of "
"logged events until some condition occurs, at which point the buffered "
"events are ``flushed`` - passed to another handler (the ``target`` handler) "
"for processing. By default, the ``MemoryHandler`` flushed when its buffer "
"gets filled up or an event whose level is greater than or equal to a "
"specified threshold is seen. You can use this recipe with a more specialised "
"subclass of ``MemoryHandler`` if you want custom flushing behavior."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2857
msgid ""
"The example script has a simple function, ``foo``, which just cycles through "
"all the logging levels, writing to ``sys.stderr`` to say what level it's "
"about to log at, and then actually logging a message at that level. You can "
"pass a parameter to ``foo`` which, if true, will log at ERROR and CRITICAL "
"levels - otherwise, it only logs at DEBUG, INFO and WARNING levels."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2863
msgid ""
"The script just arranges to decorate ``foo`` with a decorator which will do "
"the conditional logging that's required. The decorator takes a logger as a "
"parameter and attaches a memory handler for the duration of the call to the "
"decorated function. The decorator can be additionally parameterised using a "
"target handler, a level at which flushing should occur, and a capacity for "
"the buffer (number of records buffered). These default to a :class:`~logging."
"StreamHandler` which writes to ``sys.stderr``, ``logging.ERROR`` and ``100`` "
"respectively."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2871
msgid "Here's the script::"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2934
msgid "When this script is run, the following output should be observed:"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2964
msgid ""
"As you can see, actual logging output only occurs when an event is logged "
"whose severity is ERROR or greater, but in that case, any previous events at "
"lower severities are also logged."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2968
msgid "You can of course use the conventional means of decoration::"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2978
msgid "Sending logging messages to email, with buffering"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:2980
msgid ""
"To illustrate how you can send log messages via email, so that a set number "
"of messages are sent per email, you can subclass :class:`~logging.handlers."
"BufferingHandler`. In the following  example, which you can adapt to suit "
"your specific needs, a simple test harness is provided which allows you to "
"run the script with command line arguments specifying what you typically "
"need to send things via SMTP. (Run the downloaded script with the ``-h`` "
"argument to see the required and optional arguments.)"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3052
msgid ""
"If you run this script and your SMTP server is correctly set up, you should "
"find that it sends eleven emails to the addressee you specify. The first ten "
"emails will each have ten log messages, and the eleventh will have two "
"messages. That makes up 102 messages as specified in the script."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3060
msgid "Formatting times using UTC (GMT) via configuration"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3062
msgid ""
"Sometimes you want to format times using UTC, which can be done using a "
"class such as ``UTCFormatter``, shown below::"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3071
msgid ""
"and you can then use the ``UTCFormatter`` in your code instead of :class:"
"`~logging.Formatter`. If you want to do that via configuration, you can use "
"the :func:`~logging.config.dictConfig` API with an approach illustrated by "
"the following complete example::"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3114
msgid "When this script is run, it should print something like:"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3121
msgid ""
"showing how the time is formatted both as local time and UTC, one for each "
"handler."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3128
msgid "Using a context manager for selective logging"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3130
msgid ""
"There are times when it would be useful to temporarily change the logging "
"configuration and revert it back after doing something. For this, a context "
"manager is the most obvious way of saving and restoring the logging context. "
"Here is a simple example of such a context manager, which allows you to "
"optionally change the logging level and add a logging handler purely in the "
"scope of the context manager::"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3163
msgid ""
"If you specify a level value, the logger's level is set to that value in the "
"scope of the with block covered by the context manager. If you specify a "
"handler, it is added to the logger on entry to the block and removed on exit "
"from the block. You can also ask the manager to close the handler for you on "
"block exit - you could do this if you don't need the handler any more."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3169
msgid ""
"To illustrate how it works, we can add the following block of code to the "
"above::"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3187
msgid ""
"We initially set the logger's level to ``INFO``, so message #1 appears and "
"message #2 doesn't. We then change the level to ``DEBUG`` temporarily in the "
"following ``with`` block, and so message #3 appears. After the block exits, "
"the logger's level is restored to ``INFO`` and so message #4 doesn't appear. "
"In the next ``with`` block, we set the level to ``DEBUG`` again but also add "
"a handler writing to ``sys.stdout``. Thus, message #5 appears twice on the "
"console (once via ``stderr`` and once via ``stdout``). After the ``with`` "
"statement's completion, the status is as it was before so message #6 appears "
"(like message #1) whereas message #7 doesn't (just like message #2)."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3197
msgid "If we run the resulting script, the result is as follows:"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3208
msgid ""
"If we run it again, but pipe ``stderr`` to ``/dev/null``, we see the "
"following, which is the only message written to ``stdout``:"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3216
msgid "Once again, but piping ``stdout`` to ``/dev/null``, we get:"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3226
msgid ""
"In this case, the message #5 printed to ``stdout`` doesn't appear, as "
"expected."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3228
msgid ""
"Of course, the approach described here can be generalised, for example to "
"attach logging filters temporarily. Note that the above code works in Python "
"2 as well as Python 3."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3236
msgid "A CLI application starter template"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3238
msgid "Here's an example which shows how you can:"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3240
msgid "Use a logging level based on command-line arguments"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3241
msgid ""
"Dispatch to multiple subcommands in separate files, all logging at the same "
"level in a consistent way"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3243
msgid "Make use of simple, minimal configuration"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3245
msgid ""
"Suppose we have a command-line application whose job is to stop, start or "
"restart some services. This could be organised for the purposes of "
"illustration as a file ``app.py`` that is the main script for the "
"application, with individual commands implemented in ``start.py``, ``stop."
"py`` and ``restart.py``. Suppose further that we want to control the "
"verbosity of the application via a command-line argument, defaulting to "
"``logging.INFO``. Here's one way that ``app.py`` could be written::"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3294
msgid ""
"And the ``start``, ``stop`` and ``restart`` commands can be implemented in "
"separate modules, like so for starting::"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3307
msgid "and thus for stopping::"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3328
msgid "and similarly for restarting::"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3349
msgid ""
"If we run this application with the default log level, we get output like "
"this:"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3362
msgid ""
"The first word is the logging level, and the second word is the module or "
"package name of the place where the event was logged."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3365
msgid ""
"If we change the logging level, then we can change the information sent to "
"the log. For example, if we want more information:"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3382
msgid "And if we want less:"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3390
msgid ""
"In this case, the commands don't print anything to the console, since "
"nothing at ``WARNING`` level or above is logged by them."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3396
msgid "A Qt GUI for logging"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3398
msgid ""
"A question that comes up from time to time is about how to log to a GUI "
"application. The `Qt <https://www.qt.io/>`_ framework is a popular cross-"
"platform UI framework with Python bindings using `PySide2 <https://pypi.org/"
"project/PySide2/>`_ or `PyQt5 <https://pypi.org/project/PyQt5/>`_ libraries."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3404
msgid ""
"The following example shows how to log to a Qt GUI. This introduces a simple "
"``QtHandler`` class which takes a callable, which should be a slot in the "
"main thread that does GUI updates. A worker thread is also created to show "
"how you can log to the GUI from both the UI itself (via a button for manual "
"logging) as well as a worker thread doing work in the background (here, just "
"logging messages at random levels with random short delays in between)."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3411
msgid ""
"The worker thread is implemented using Qt's ``QThread`` class rather than "
"the :mod:`threading` module, as there are circumstances where one has to use "
"``QThread``, which offers better integration with other ``Qt`` components."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3415
msgid ""
"The code should work with recent releases of either ``PySide2`` or "
"``PyQt5``. You should be able to adapt the approach to earlier versions of "
"Qt. Please refer to the comments in the code snippet for more detailed "
"information."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3629
msgid "Logging to syslog with RFC5424 support"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3631
msgid ""
"Although :rfc:`5424` dates from 2009, most syslog servers are configured by "
"detault to use the older :rfc:`3164`, which hails from 2001. When "
"``logging`` was added to Python in 2003, it supported the earlier (and only "
"existing) protocol at the time. Since RFC5424 came out, as there has not "
"been widespread deployment of it in syslog servers, the :class:`~logging."
"handlers.SysLogHandler` functionality has not been updated."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3638
msgid ""
"RFC 5424 contains some useful features such as support for structured data, "
"and if you need to be able to log to a syslog server with support for it, "
"you can do so with a subclassed handler which looks something like this::"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3704
msgid ""
"You'll need to be familiar with RFC 5424 to fully understand the above code, "
"and it may be that you have slightly different needs (e.g. for how you pass "
"structural data to the log). Nevertheless, the above should be adaptable to "
"your speciric needs. With the above handler, you'd pass structured data "
"using something like this::"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3718
msgid "How to treat a logger like an output stream"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3720
msgid ""
"Sometimes, you need to interface to a third-party API which expects a file-"
"like object to write to, but you want to direct the API's output to a "
"logger. You can do this using a class which wraps a logger with a file-like "
"API. Here's a short script illustrating such a class:"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3760
msgid "When this script is run, it prints"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3767
msgid ""
"You could also use ``LoggerWriter`` to redirect ``sys.stdout`` and ``sys."
"stderr`` by doing something like this:"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3777
msgid ""
"You should do this *after* configuring logging for your needs. In the above "
"example, the :func:`~logging.basicConfig` call does this (using the ``sys."
"stderr`` value *before* it is overwritten by a ``LoggerWriter`` instance). "
"Then, you'd get this kind of result:"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3790
msgid ""
"Of course, the examples above show output according to the format used by :"
"func:`~logging.basicConfig`, but you can use a different formatter when you "
"configure logging."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3794
msgid ""
"Note that with the above scheme, you are somewhat at the mercy of buffering "
"and the sequence of write calls which you are intercepting. For example, "
"with the definition of ``LoggerWriter`` above, if you have the snippet"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3803
msgid "then running the script results in"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3821
msgid ""
"As you can see, this output isn't ideal. That's because the underlying code "
"which writes to ``sys.stderr`` makes mutiple writes, each of which results "
"in a separate logged line (for example, the last three lines above). To get "
"around this problem, you need to buffer things and only output log lines "
"when newlines are seen. Let's use a slghtly better implementation of "
"``LoggerWriter``:"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3846
msgid ""
"This just buffers up stuff until a newline is seen, and then logs complete "
"lines. With this approach, you get better output:"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3862
msgid "Patterns to avoid"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3864
msgid ""
"Although the preceding sections have described ways of doing things you "
"might need to do or deal with, it is worth mentioning some usage patterns "
"which are *unhelpful*, and which should therefore be avoided in most cases. "
"The following sections are in no particular order."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3870
msgid "Opening the same log file multiple times"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3872
msgid ""
"On Windows, you will generally not be able to open the same file multiple "
"times as this will lead to a \"file is in use by another process\" error. "
"However, on POSIX platforms you'll not get any errors if you open the same "
"file multiple times. This could be done accidentally, for example by:"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3877
msgid ""
"Adding a file handler more than once which references the same file (e.g. by "
"a copy/paste/forget-to-change error)."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3880
msgid ""
"Opening two files that look different, as they have different names, but are "
"the same because one is a symbolic link to the other."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3883
msgid ""
"Forking a process, following which both parent and child have a reference to "
"the same file. This might be through use of the :mod:`multiprocessing` "
"module, for example."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3887
msgid ""
"Opening a file multiple times might *appear* to work most of the time, but "
"can lead to a number of problems in practice:"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3890
msgid ""
"Logging output can be garbled because multiple threads or processes try to "
"write to the same file. Although logging guards against concurrent use of "
"the same handler instance by multiple threads, there is no such protection "
"if concurrent writes are attempted by two different threads using two "
"different handler instances which happen to point to the same file."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3896
msgid ""
"An attempt to delete a file (e.g. during file rotation) silently fails, "
"because there is another reference pointing to it. This can lead to "
"confusion and wasted debugging time - log entries end up in unexpected "
"places, or are lost altogether. Or a file that was supposed to be moved "
"remains in place, and grows in size unexpectedly despite size-based rotation "
"being supposedly in place."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3903
msgid ""
"Use the techniques outlined in :ref:`multiple-processes` to circumvent such "
"issues."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3907
msgid "Using loggers as attributes in a class or passing them as parameters"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3909
msgid ""
"While there might be unusual cases where you'll need to do this, in general "
"there is no point because loggers are singletons. Code can always access a "
"given logger instance by name using ``logging.getLogger(name)``, so passing "
"instances around and holding them as instance attributes is pointless. Note "
"that in other languages such as Java and C#, loggers are often static class "
"attributes. However, this pattern doesn't make sense in Python, where the "
"module (and not the class) is the unit of software decomposition."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3918
msgid ""
"Adding handlers other than :class:`NullHandler` to a logger in a library"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3920
msgid ""
"Configuring logging by adding handlers, formatters and filters is the "
"responsibility of the application developer, not the library developer. If "
"you are maintaining a library, ensure that you don't add handlers to any of "
"your loggers other than a :class:`~logging.NullHandler` instance."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3926
msgid "Creating a lot of loggers"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3928
msgid ""
"Loggers are singletons that are never freed during a script execution, and "
"so creating lots of loggers will use up memory which can't then be freed. "
"Rather than create a logger per e.g. file processed or network connection "
"made, use the :ref:`existing mechanisms <context-info>` for passing "
"contextual information into your logs and restrict the loggers created to "
"those describing areas within your application (generally modules, but "
"occasionally slightly more fine-grained than that)."
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3939
msgid "Other resources"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3952
msgid ":ref:`Basic Tutorial <logging-basic-tutorial>`"
msgstr ""

#: howto/logging-cookbook.rst:3954
msgid ":ref:`Advanced Tutorial <logging-advanced-tutorial>`"
msgstr ""