python-docs-fr/faq/general.po

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#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:5
msgid "General Python FAQ"
msgstr "FAQ Générale sur Python"

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:13
msgid "General Information"
msgstr "Informations Générales"

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:16
msgid "What is Python?"
msgstr "Qu'est ce que Python ?"

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:18
msgid ""
"Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming "
"language.  It incorporates modules, exceptions, dynamic typing, very high "
"level dynamic data types, and classes.  Python combines remarkable power "
"with very clear syntax. It has interfaces to many system calls and "
"libraries, as well as to various window systems, and is extensible in C or C+"
"+.  It is also usable as an extension language for applications that need a "
"programmable interface. Finally, Python is portable: it runs on many Unix "
"variants, on the Mac, and on Windows 2000 and later."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:27
msgid ""
"To find out more, start with :ref:`tutorial-index`.  The `Beginner's Guide "
"to Python <https://wiki.python.org/moin/BeginnersGuide>`_ links to other "
"introductory tutorials and resources for learning Python."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:33
msgid "What is the Python Software Foundation?"
msgstr "Qu'est ce que la Python Software Foundation ?"

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:35
msgid ""
"The Python Software Foundation is an independent non-profit organization "
"that holds the copyright on Python versions 2.1 and newer.  The PSF's "
"mission is to advance open source technology related to the Python "
"programming language and to publicize the use of Python.  The PSF's home "
"page is at https://www.python.org/psf/."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:41
msgid ""
"Donations to the PSF are tax-exempt in the US.  If you use Python and find "
"it helpful, please contribute via `the PSF donation page <https://www.python."
"org/psf/donations/>`_."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:47
msgid "Are there copyright restrictions on the use of Python?"
msgstr ""
"Y'a-t-il des restrictions liées à la propriété intelectuelle quant à "
"l'utilisation de Python ?"

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:49
msgid ""
"You can do anything you want with the source, as long as you leave the "
"copyrights in and display those copyrights in any documentation about Python "
"that you produce.  If you honor the copyright rules, it's OK to use Python "
"for commercial use, to sell copies of Python in source or binary form "
"(modified or unmodified), or to sell products that incorporate Python in "
"some form.  We would still like to know about all commercial use of Python, "
"of course."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:56
msgid ""
"See `the PSF license page <https://www.python.org/psf/license/>`_ to find "
"further explanations and a link to the full text of the license."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:59
msgid ""
"The Python logo is trademarked, and in certain cases permission is required "
"to use it.  Consult `the Trademark Usage Policy <https://www.python.org/psf/"
"trademarks/>`__ for more information."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:65
msgid "Why was Python created in the first place?"
msgstr "Pourquoi Python a été créé ?"

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:67
msgid ""
"Here's a *very* brief summary of what started it all, written by Guido van "
"Rossum:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:70
msgid ""
"I had extensive experience with implementing an interpreted language in the "
"ABC group at CWI, and from working with this group I had learned a lot about "
"language design.  This is the origin of many Python features, including the "
"use of indentation for statement grouping and the inclusion of very-high-"
"level data types (although the details are all different in Python)."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:77
msgid ""
"I had a number of gripes about the ABC language, but also liked many of its "
"features.  It was impossible to extend the ABC language (or its "
"implementation) to remedy my complaints -- in fact its lack of extensibility "
"was one of its biggest problems.  I had some experience with using Modula-2+ "
"and talked with the designers of Modula-3 and read the Modula-3 report. "
"Modula-3 is the origin of the syntax and semantics used for exceptions, and "
"some other Python features."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:85
msgid ""
"I was working in the Amoeba distributed operating system group at CWI.  We "
"needed a better way to do system administration than by writing either C "
"programs or Bourne shell scripts, since Amoeba had its own system call "
"interface which wasn't easily accessible from the Bourne shell.  My "
"experience with error handling in Amoeba made me acutely aware of the "
"importance of exceptions as a programming language feature."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:92
msgid ""
"It occurred to me that a scripting language with a syntax like ABC but with "
"access to the Amoeba system calls would fill the need.  I realized that it "
"would be foolish to write an Amoeba-specific language, so I decided that I "
"needed a language that was generally extensible."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:97
msgid ""
"During the 1989 Christmas holidays, I had a lot of time on my hand, so I "
"decided to give it a try.  During the next year, while still mostly working "
"on it in my own time, Python was used in the Amoeba project with increasing "
"success, and the feedback from colleagues made me add many early "
"improvements."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:103
msgid ""
"In February 1991, after just over a year of development, I decided to post "
"to USENET.  The rest is in the ``Misc/HISTORY`` file."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:108
msgid "What is Python good for?"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:110
msgid ""
"Python is a high-level general-purpose programming language that can be "
"applied to many different classes of problems."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:113
msgid ""
"The language comes with a large standard library that covers areas such as "
"string processing (regular expressions, Unicode, calculating differences "
"between files), Internet protocols (HTTP, FTP, SMTP, XML-RPC, POP, IMAP, CGI "
"programming), software engineering (unit testing, logging, profiling, "
"parsing Python code), and operating system interfaces (system calls, "
"filesystems, TCP/IP sockets).  Look at the table of contents for :ref:"
"`library-index` to get an idea of what's available.  A wide variety of third-"
"party extensions are also available.  Consult `the Python Package Index "
"<https://pypi.python.org/pypi>`_ to find packages of interest to you."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:125
msgid "How does the Python version numbering scheme work?"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:127
msgid ""
"Python versions are numbered A.B.C or A.B.  A is the major version number -- "
"it is only incremented for really major changes in the language.  B is the "
"minor version number, incremented for less earth-shattering changes.  C is "
"the micro-level -- it is incremented for each bugfix release.  See :pep:`6` "
"for more information about bugfix releases."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:133
msgid ""
"Not all releases are bugfix releases.  In the run-up to a new major release, "
"a series of development releases are made, denoted as alpha, beta, or "
"release candidate.  Alphas are early releases in which interfaces aren't yet "
"finalized; it's not unexpected to see an interface change between two alpha "
"releases. Betas are more stable, preserving existing interfaces but possibly "
"adding new modules, and release candidates are frozen, making no changes "
"except as needed to fix critical bugs."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:141
msgid ""
"Alpha, beta and release candidate versions have an additional suffix.  The "
"suffix for an alpha version is \"aN\" for some small number N, the suffix "
"for a beta version is \"bN\" for some small number N, and the suffix for a "
"release candidate version is \"cN\" for some small number N.  In other "
"words, all versions labeled 2.0aN precede the versions labeled 2.0bN, which "
"precede versions labeled 2.0cN, and *those* precede 2.0."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:148
msgid ""
"You may also find version numbers with a \"+\" suffix, e.g. \"2.2+\".  These "
"are unreleased versions, built directly from the CPython development "
"repository.  In practice, after a final minor release is made, the version "
"is incremented to the next minor version, which becomes the \"a0\" version, "
"e.g. \"2.4a0\"."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:153
msgid ""
"See also the documentation for :data:`sys.version`, :data:`sys.hexversion`, "
"and :data:`sys.version_info`."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:158
msgid "How do I obtain a copy of the Python source?"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:160
msgid ""
"The latest Python source distribution is always available from python.org, "
"at https://www.python.org/downloads/.  The latest development sources can be "
"obtained at https://github.com/python/cpython/."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:164
msgid ""
"The source distribution is a gzipped tar file containing the complete C "
"source, Sphinx-formatted documentation, Python library modules, example "
"programs, and several useful pieces of freely distributable software.  The "
"source will compile and run out of the box on most UNIX platforms."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:169
msgid ""
"Consult the `Getting Started section of the Python Developer's Guide "
"<https://docs.python.org/devguide/setup.html>`__ for more information on "
"getting the source code and compiling it."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:175
msgid "How do I get documentation on Python?"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:179
msgid ""
"The standard documentation for the current stable version of Python is "
"available at https://docs.python.org/3/.  PDF, plain text, and downloadable "
"HTML versions are also available at https://docs.python.org/3/download.html."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:183
msgid ""
"The documentation is written in reStructuredText and processed by `the "
"Sphinx documentation tool <http://sphinx-doc.org/>`__.  The reStructuredText "
"source for the documentation is part of the Python source distribution."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:189
msgid "I've never programmed before. Is there a Python tutorial?"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:191
msgid ""
"There are numerous tutorials and books available.  The standard "
"documentation includes :ref:`tutorial-index`."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:194
msgid ""
"Consult `the Beginner's Guide <https://wiki.python.org/moin/"
"BeginnersGuide>`_ to find information for beginning Python programmers, "
"including lists of tutorials."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:199
msgid "Is there a newsgroup or mailing list devoted to Python?"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:201
msgid ""
"There is a newsgroup, :newsgroup:`comp.lang.python`, and a mailing list, "
"`python-list <https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list>`_.  The "
"newsgroup and mailing list are gatewayed into each other -- if you can read "
"news it's unnecessary to subscribe to the mailing list. :newsgroup:`comp."
"lang.python` is high-traffic, receiving hundreds of postings every day, and "
"Usenet readers are often more able to cope with this volume."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:208
msgid ""
"Announcements of new software releases and events can be found in comp.lang."
"python.announce, a low-traffic moderated list that receives about five "
"postings per day.  It's available as `the python-announce mailing list "
"<https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-announce-list>`_."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:213
msgid ""
"More info about other mailing lists and newsgroups can be found at https://"
"www.python.org/community/lists/."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:218
msgid "How do I get a beta test version of Python?"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:220
msgid ""
"Alpha and beta releases are available from https://www.python.org/"
"downloads/.  All releases are announced on the comp.lang.python and comp."
"lang.python.announce newsgroups and on the Python home page at https://www."
"python.org/; an RSS feed of news is available."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:225
msgid ""
"You can also access the development version of Python through Git.  See `The "
"Python Developer's Guide <https://docs.python.org/devguide/>`_ for details."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:230
msgid "How do I submit bug reports and patches for Python?"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:232
msgid ""
"To report a bug or submit a patch, please use the Roundup installation at "
"https://bugs.python.org/."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:235
msgid ""
"You must have a Roundup account to report bugs; this makes it possible for "
"us to contact you if we have follow-up questions.  It will also enable "
"Roundup to send you updates as we act on your bug. If you had previously "
"used SourceForge to report bugs to Python, you can obtain your Roundup "
"password through Roundup's `password reset procedure <https://bugs.python."
"org/user?@template=forgotten>`_."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:241
msgid ""
"For more information on how Python is developed, consult `the Python "
"Developer's Guide <https://docs.python.org/devguide/>`_."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:246
msgid "Are there any published articles about Python that I can reference?"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:248
msgid "It's probably best to cite your favorite book about Python."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:250
msgid ""
"The very first article about Python was written in 1991 and is now quite "
"outdated."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:253
msgid ""
"Guido van Rossum and Jelke de Boer, \"Interactively Testing Remote Servers "
"Using the Python Programming Language\", CWI Quarterly, Volume 4, Issue 4 "
"(December 1991), Amsterdam, pp 283--303."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:259
msgid "Are there any books on Python?"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:261
msgid ""
"Yes, there are many, and more are being published.  See the python.org wiki "
"at https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonBooks for a list."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:264
msgid ""
"You can also search online bookstores for \"Python\" and filter out the "
"Monty Python references; or perhaps search for \"Python\" and \"language\"."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:269
msgid "Where in the world is www.python.org located?"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:271
msgid ""
"The Python project's infrastructure is located all over the world. `www."
"python.org <https://www.python.org>`_ is graciously hosted by `Rackspace "
"<https://www.rackspace.com>`_, with CDN caching provided by `Fastly <https://"
"www.fastly.com>`_.  `Upfront Systems <http://www.upfrontsystems.co.za/>`_ "
"hosts `bugs.python.org <https://bugs.python.org>`_.  Many other Python "
"services like `the Wiki <https://wiki.python.org>`_ are hosted by `Oregon "
"State University Open Source Lab <https://osuosl.org>`_."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:282
msgid "Why is it called Python?"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:284
msgid ""
"When he began implementing Python, Guido van Rossum was also reading the "
"published scripts from `\"Monty Python's Flying Circus\" <https://en."
"wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python>`__, a BBC comedy series from the 1970s.  "
"Van Rossum thought he needed a name that was short, unique, and slightly "
"mysterious, so he decided to call the language Python."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:292
msgid "Do I have to like \"Monty Python's Flying Circus\"?"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:294
msgid "No, but it helps.  :)"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:298
msgid "Python in the real world"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:301
msgid "How stable is Python?"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:303
msgid ""
"Very stable.  New, stable releases have been coming out roughly every 6 to "
"18 months since 1991, and this seems likely to continue.  Currently there "
"are usually around 18 months between major releases."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:307
msgid ""
"The developers issue \"bugfix\" releases of older versions, so the stability "
"of existing releases gradually improves.  Bugfix releases, indicated by a "
"third component of the version number (e.g. 2.5.3, 2.6.2), are managed for "
"stability; only fixes for known problems are included in a bugfix release, "
"and it's guaranteed that interfaces will remain the same throughout a series "
"of bugfix releases."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:314
msgid ""
"The latest stable releases can always be found on the `Python download page "
"<https://www.python.org/downloads/>`_.  There are two recommended production-"
"ready versions at this point in time, because at the moment there are two "
"branches of stable releases: 2.x and 3.x.  Python 3.x may be less useful "
"than 2.x, since currently there is more third party software available for "
"Python 2 than for Python 3.  Python 2 code will generally not run unchanged "
"in Python 3."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:323
msgid "How many people are using Python?"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:325
msgid ""
"There are probably tens of thousands of users, though it's difficult to "
"obtain an exact count."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:328
msgid ""
"Python is available for free download, so there are no sales figures, and "
"it's available from many different sites and packaged with many Linux "
"distributions, so download statistics don't tell the whole story either."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:332
msgid ""
"The comp.lang.python newsgroup is very active, but not all Python users post "
"to the group or even read it."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:337
msgid "Have any significant projects been done in Python?"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:339
msgid ""
"See https://www.python.org/about/success for a list of projects that use "
"Python. Consulting the proceedings for `past Python conferences <https://www."
"python.org/community/workshops/>`_ will reveal contributions from many "
"different companies and organizations."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:344
msgid ""
"High-profile Python projects include `the Mailman mailing list manager "
"<http://www.list.org>`_ and `the Zope application server <http://www.zope."
"org>`_.  Several Linux distributions, most notably `Red Hat <https://www."
"redhat.com>`_, have written part or all of their installer and system "
"administration software in Python.  Companies that use Python internally "
"include Google, Yahoo, and Lucasfilm Ltd."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:353
msgid "What new developments are expected for Python in the future?"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:355
msgid ""
"See https://www.python.org/dev/peps/ for the Python Enhancement Proposals "
"(PEPs). PEPs are design documents describing a suggested new feature for "
"Python, providing a concise technical specification and a rationale.  Look "
"for a PEP titled \"Python X.Y Release Schedule\", where X.Y is a version "
"that hasn't been publicly released yet."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:361
msgid ""
"New development is discussed on `the python-dev mailing list <https://mail."
"python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-dev/>`_."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:366
msgid "Is it reasonable to propose incompatible changes to Python?"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:368
msgid ""
"In general, no.  There are already millions of lines of Python code around "
"the world, so any change in the language that invalidates more than a very "
"small fraction of existing programs has to be frowned upon.  Even if you can "
"provide a conversion program, there's still the problem of updating all "
"documentation; many books have been written about Python, and we don't want "
"to invalidate them all at a single stroke."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:375
msgid ""
"Providing a gradual upgrade path is necessary if a feature has to be "
"changed. :pep:`5` describes the procedure followed for introducing backward-"
"incompatible changes while minimizing disruption for users."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:381
msgid "Is Python a good language for beginning programmers?"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:383
msgid "Yes."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:385
msgid ""
"It is still common to start students with a procedural and statically typed "
"language such as Pascal, C, or a subset of C++ or Java.  Students may be "
"better served by learning Python as their first language.  Python has a very "
"simple and consistent syntax and a large standard library and, most "
"importantly, using Python in a beginning programming course lets students "
"concentrate on important programming skills such as problem decomposition "
"and data type design.  With Python, students can be quickly introduced to "
"basic concepts such as loops and procedures.  They can probably even work "
"with user-defined objects in their very first course."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:395
msgid ""
"For a student who has never programmed before, using a statically typed "
"language seems unnatural.  It presents additional complexity that the "
"student must master and slows the pace of the course.  The students are "
"trying to learn to think like a computer, decompose problems, design "
"consistent interfaces, and encapsulate data.  While learning to use a "
"statically typed language is important in the long term, it is not "
"necessarily the best topic to address in the students' first programming "
"course."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:403
msgid ""
"Many other aspects of Python make it a good first language.  Like Java, "
"Python has a large standard library so that students can be assigned "
"programming projects very early in the course that *do* something.  "
"Assignments aren't restricted to the standard four-function calculator and "
"check balancing programs.  By using the standard library, students can gain "
"the satisfaction of working on realistic applications as they learn the "
"fundamentals of programming. Using the standard library also teaches "
"students about code reuse.  Third-party modules such as PyGame are also "
"helpful in extending the students' reach."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:412
msgid ""
"Python's interactive interpreter enables students to test language features "
"while they're programming.  They can keep a window with the interpreter "
"running while they enter their program's source in another window.  If they "
"can't remember the methods for a list, they can do something like this::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:441
msgid ""
"With the interpreter, documentation is never far from the student as they "
"are programming."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:444
msgid ""
"There are also good IDEs for Python.  IDLE is a cross-platform IDE for "
"Python that is written in Python using Tkinter.  PythonWin is a Windows-"
"specific IDE. Emacs users will be happy to know that there is a very good "
"Python mode for Emacs.  All of these programming environments provide syntax "
"highlighting, auto-indenting, and access to the interactive interpreter "
"while coding.  Consult `the Python wiki <https://wiki.python.org/moin/"
"PythonEditors>`_ for a full list of Python editing environments."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:452
msgid ""
"If you want to discuss Python's use in education, you may be interested in "
"joining `the edu-sig mailing list <https://www.python.org/community/sigs/"
"current/edu-sig>`_."
msgstr ""