# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE. # Copyright (C) 2001-2016, Python Software Foundation # This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Python 3.6\n" "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2016-10-30 10:40+0100\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:5 msgid "General Python FAQ" msgstr "FAQ Générale sur Python" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:13 msgid "General Information" msgstr "Informations Générales" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:16 msgid "What is Python?" msgstr "Qu'est ce que Python ?" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:18 msgid "" "Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming " "language. It incorporates modules, exceptions, dynamic typing, very high " "level dynamic data types, and classes. Python combines remarkable power " "with very clear syntax. It has interfaces to many system calls and " "libraries, as well as to various window systems, and is extensible in C or C+" "+. It is also usable as an extension language for applications that need a " "programmable interface. Finally, Python is portable: it runs on many Unix " "variants, on the Mac, and on Windows 2000 and later." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:27 msgid "" "To find out more, start with :ref:`tutorial-index`. The `Beginner's Guide " "to Python `_ links to other " "introductory tutorials and resources for learning Python." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:33 msgid "What is the Python Software Foundation?" msgstr "Qu'est ce que la Python Software Foundation ?" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:35 msgid "" "The Python Software Foundation is an independent non-profit organization " "that holds the copyright on Python versions 2.1 and newer. The PSF's " "mission is to advance open source technology related to the Python " "programming language and to publicize the use of Python. The PSF's home " "page is at https://www.python.org/psf/." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:41 msgid "" "Donations to the PSF are tax-exempt in the US. If you use Python and find " "it helpful, please contribute via `the PSF donation page `_." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:47 msgid "Are there copyright restrictions on the use of Python?" msgstr "" "Y'a-t-il des restrictions liées à la propriété intelectuelle quant à " "l'utilisation de Python ?" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:49 msgid "" "You can do anything you want with the source, as long as you leave the " "copyrights in and display those copyrights in any documentation about Python " "that you produce. If you honor the copyright rules, it's OK to use Python " "for commercial use, to sell copies of Python in source or binary form " "(modified or unmodified), or to sell products that incorporate Python in " "some form. We would still like to know about all commercial use of Python, " "of course." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:56 msgid "" "See `the PSF license page `_ to find " "further explanations and a link to the full text of the license." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:59 msgid "" "The Python logo is trademarked, and in certain cases permission is required " "to use it. Consult `the Trademark Usage Policy `__ for more information." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:65 msgid "Why was Python created in the first place?" msgstr "Pourquoi Python a été créé ?" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:67 msgid "" "Here's a *very* brief summary of what started it all, written by Guido van " "Rossum:" msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:70 msgid "" "I had extensive experience with implementing an interpreted language in the " "ABC group at CWI, and from working with this group I had learned a lot about " "language design. This is the origin of many Python features, including the " "use of indentation for statement grouping and the inclusion of very-high-" "level data types (although the details are all different in Python)." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:77 msgid "" "I had a number of gripes about the ABC language, but also liked many of its " "features. It was impossible to extend the ABC language (or its " "implementation) to remedy my complaints -- in fact its lack of extensibility " "was one of its biggest problems. I had some experience with using Modula-2+ " "and talked with the designers of Modula-3 and read the Modula-3 report. " "Modula-3 is the origin of the syntax and semantics used for exceptions, and " "some other Python features." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:85 msgid "" "I was working in the Amoeba distributed operating system group at CWI. We " "needed a better way to do system administration than by writing either C " "programs or Bourne shell scripts, since Amoeba had its own system call " "interface which wasn't easily accessible from the Bourne shell. My " "experience with error handling in Amoeba made me acutely aware of the " "importance of exceptions as a programming language feature." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:92 msgid "" "It occurred to me that a scripting language with a syntax like ABC but with " "access to the Amoeba system calls would fill the need. I realized that it " "would be foolish to write an Amoeba-specific language, so I decided that I " "needed a language that was generally extensible." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:97 msgid "" "During the 1989 Christmas holidays, I had a lot of time on my hand, so I " "decided to give it a try. During the next year, while still mostly working " "on it in my own time, Python was used in the Amoeba project with increasing " "success, and the feedback from colleagues made me add many early " "improvements." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:103 msgid "" "In February 1991, after just over a year of development, I decided to post " "to USENET. The rest is in the ``Misc/HISTORY`` file." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:108 msgid "What is Python good for?" msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:110 msgid "" "Python is a high-level general-purpose programming language that can be " "applied to many different classes of problems." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:113 msgid "" "The language comes with a large standard library that covers areas such as " "string processing (regular expressions, Unicode, calculating differences " "between files), Internet protocols (HTTP, FTP, SMTP, XML-RPC, POP, IMAP, CGI " "programming), software engineering (unit testing, logging, profiling, " "parsing Python code), and operating system interfaces (system calls, " "filesystems, TCP/IP sockets). Look at the table of contents for :ref:" "`library-index` to get an idea of what's available. A wide variety of third-" "party extensions are also available. Consult `the Python Package Index " "`_ to find packages of interest to you." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:125 msgid "How does the Python version numbering scheme work?" msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:127 msgid "" "Python versions are numbered A.B.C or A.B. A is the major version number -- " "it is only incremented for really major changes in the language. B is the " "minor version number, incremented for less earth-shattering changes. C is " "the micro-level -- it is incremented for each bugfix release. See :pep:`6` " "for more information about bugfix releases." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:133 msgid "" "Not all releases are bugfix releases. In the run-up to a new major release, " "a series of development releases are made, denoted as alpha, beta, or " "release candidate. Alphas are early releases in which interfaces aren't yet " "finalized; it's not unexpected to see an interface change between two alpha " "releases. Betas are more stable, preserving existing interfaces but possibly " "adding new modules, and release candidates are frozen, making no changes " "except as needed to fix critical bugs." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:141 msgid "" "Alpha, beta and release candidate versions have an additional suffix. The " "suffix for an alpha version is \"aN\" for some small number N, the suffix " "for a beta version is \"bN\" for some small number N, and the suffix for a " "release candidate version is \"cN\" for some small number N. In other " "words, all versions labeled 2.0aN precede the versions labeled 2.0bN, which " "precede versions labeled 2.0cN, and *those* precede 2.0." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:148 msgid "" "You may also find version numbers with a \"+\" suffix, e.g. \"2.2+\". These " "are unreleased versions, built directly from the CPython development " "repository. In practice, after a final minor release is made, the version " "is incremented to the next minor version, which becomes the \"a0\" version, " "e.g. \"2.4a0\"." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:153 msgid "" "See also the documentation for :data:`sys.version`, :data:`sys.hexversion`, " "and :data:`sys.version_info`." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:158 msgid "How do I obtain a copy of the Python source?" msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:160 msgid "" "The latest Python source distribution is always available from python.org, " "at https://www.python.org/downloads/. The latest development sources can be " "obtained via anonymous Mercurial access at https://hg.python.org/cpython." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:164 msgid "" "The source distribution is a gzipped tar file containing the complete C " "source, Sphinx-formatted documentation, Python library modules, example " "programs, and several useful pieces of freely distributable software. The " "source will compile and run out of the box on most UNIX platforms." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:169 msgid "" "Consult the `Getting Started section of the Python Developer's Guide " "`__ for more information on " "getting the source code and compiling it." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:175 msgid "How do I get documentation on Python?" msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:179 msgid "" "The standard documentation for the current stable version of Python is " "available at https://docs.python.org/3/. PDF, plain text, and downloadable " "HTML versions are also available at https://docs.python.org/3/download.html." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:183 msgid "" "The documentation is written in reStructuredText and processed by `the " "Sphinx documentation tool `__. The reStructuredText " "source for the documentation is part of the Python source distribution." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:189 msgid "I've never programmed before. Is there a Python tutorial?" msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:191 msgid "" "There are numerous tutorials and books available. The standard " "documentation includes :ref:`tutorial-index`." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:194 msgid "" "Consult `the Beginner's Guide `_ to find information for beginning Python programmers, " "including lists of tutorials." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:199 msgid "Is there a newsgroup or mailing list devoted to Python?" msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:201 msgid "" "There is a newsgroup, :newsgroup:`comp.lang.python`, and a mailing list, " "`python-list `_. The " "newsgroup and mailing list are gatewayed into each other -- if you can read " "news it's unnecessary to subscribe to the mailing list. :newsgroup:`comp." "lang.python` is high-traffic, receiving hundreds of postings every day, and " "Usenet readers are often more able to cope with this volume." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:208 msgid "" "Announcements of new software releases and events can be found in comp.lang." "python.announce, a low-traffic moderated list that receives about five " "postings per day. It's available as `the python-announce mailing list " "`_." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:213 msgid "" "More info about other mailing lists and newsgroups can be found at https://" "www.python.org/community/lists/." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:218 msgid "How do I get a beta test version of Python?" msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:220 msgid "" "Alpha and beta releases are available from https://www.python.org/" "downloads/. All releases are announced on the comp.lang.python and comp." "lang.python.announce newsgroups and on the Python home page at https://www." "python.org/; an RSS feed of news is available." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:225 msgid "" "You can also access the development version of Python through Mercurial. " "See https://docs.python.org/devguide/faq.html for details." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:230 msgid "How do I submit bug reports and patches for Python?" msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:232 msgid "" "To report a bug or submit a patch, please use the Roundup installation at " "https://bugs.python.org/." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:235 msgid "" "You must have a Roundup account to report bugs; this makes it possible for " "us to contact you if we have follow-up questions. It will also enable " "Roundup to send you updates as we act on your bug. If you had previously " "used SourceForge to report bugs to Python, you can obtain your Roundup " "password through Roundup's `password reset procedure `_." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:241 msgid "" "For more information on how Python is developed, consult `the Python " "Developer's Guide `_." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:246 msgid "Are there any published articles about Python that I can reference?" msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:248 msgid "It's probably best to cite your favorite book about Python." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:250 msgid "" "The very first article about Python was written in 1991 and is now quite " "outdated." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:253 msgid "" "Guido van Rossum and Jelke de Boer, \"Interactively Testing Remote Servers " "Using the Python Programming Language\", CWI Quarterly, Volume 4, Issue 4 " "(December 1991), Amsterdam, pp 283-303." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:259 msgid "Are there any books on Python?" msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:261 msgid "" "Yes, there are many, and more are being published. See the python.org wiki " "at https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonBooks for a list." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:264 msgid "" "You can also search online bookstores for \"Python\" and filter out the " "Monty Python references; or perhaps search for \"Python\" and \"language\"." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:269 msgid "Where in the world is www.python.org located?" msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:271 msgid "" "The Python project's infrastructure is located all over the world. `www." "python.org `_ is graciously hosted by `Rackspace " "`_, with CDN caching provided by `Fastly `_. `Upfront Systems `_ " "hosts `bugs.python.org `_. Many other Python " "services like `the Wiki `_ are hosted by `Oregon " "State University Open Source Lab `_." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:282 msgid "Why is it called Python?" msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:284 msgid "" "When he began implementing Python, Guido van Rossum was also reading the " "published scripts from `\"Monty Python's Flying Circus\" `__, a BBC comedy series from the 1970s. " "Van Rossum thought he needed a name that was short, unique, and slightly " "mysterious, so he decided to call the language Python." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:292 msgid "Do I have to like \"Monty Python's Flying Circus\"?" msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:294 msgid "No, but it helps. :)" msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:298 msgid "Python in the real world" msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:301 msgid "How stable is Python?" msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:303 msgid "" "Very stable. New, stable releases have been coming out roughly every 6 to " "18 months since 1991, and this seems likely to continue. Currently there " "are usually around 18 months between major releases." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:307 msgid "" "The developers issue \"bugfix\" releases of older versions, so the stability " "of existing releases gradually improves. Bugfix releases, indicated by a " "third component of the version number (e.g. 2.5.3, 2.6.2), are managed for " "stability; only fixes for known problems are included in a bugfix release, " "and it's guaranteed that interfaces will remain the same throughout a series " "of bugfix releases." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:314 msgid "" "The latest stable releases can always be found on the `Python download page " "`_. There are two recommended production-" "ready versions at this point in time, because at the moment there are two " "branches of stable releases: 2.x and 3.x. Python 3.x may be less useful " "than 2.x, since currently there is more third party software available for " "Python 2 than for Python 3. Python 2 code will generally not run unchanged " "in Python 3." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:323 msgid "How many people are using Python?" msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:325 msgid "" "There are probably tens of thousands of users, though it's difficult to " "obtain an exact count." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:328 msgid "" "Python is available for free download, so there are no sales figures, and " "it's available from many different sites and packaged with many Linux " "distributions, so download statistics don't tell the whole story either." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:332 msgid "" "The comp.lang.python newsgroup is very active, but not all Python users post " "to the group or even read it." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:337 msgid "Have any significant projects been done in Python?" msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:339 msgid "" "See https://www.python.org/about/success for a list of projects that use " "Python. Consulting the proceedings for `past Python conferences `_ will reveal contributions from many " "different companies and organizations." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:344 msgid "" "High-profile Python projects include `the Mailman mailing list manager " "`_ and `the Zope application server `_. Several Linux distributions, most notably `Red Hat `_, have written part or all of their installer and system " "administration software in Python. Companies that use Python internally " "include Google, Yahoo, and Lucasfilm Ltd." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:353 msgid "What new developments are expected for Python in the future?" msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:355 msgid "" "See https://www.python.org/dev/peps/ for the Python Enhancement Proposals " "(PEPs). PEPs are design documents describing a suggested new feature for " "Python, providing a concise technical specification and a rationale. Look " "for a PEP titled \"Python X.Y Release Schedule\", where X.Y is a version " "that hasn't been publicly released yet." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:361 msgid "" "New development is discussed on `the python-dev mailing list `_." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:366 msgid "Is it reasonable to propose incompatible changes to Python?" msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:368 msgid "" "In general, no. There are already millions of lines of Python code around " "the world, so any change in the language that invalidates more than a very " "small fraction of existing programs has to be frowned upon. Even if you can " "provide a conversion program, there's still the problem of updating all " "documentation; many books have been written about Python, and we don't want " "to invalidate them all at a single stroke." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:375 msgid "" "Providing a gradual upgrade path is necessary if a feature has to be " "changed. :pep:`5` describes the procedure followed for introducing backward-" "incompatible changes while minimizing disruption for users." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:381 msgid "Is Python a good language for beginning programmers?" msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:383 msgid "Yes." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:385 msgid "" "It is still common to start students with a procedural and statically typed " "language such as Pascal, C, or a subset of C++ or Java. Students may be " "better served by learning Python as their first language. Python has a very " "simple and consistent syntax and a large standard library and, most " "importantly, using Python in a beginning programming course lets students " "concentrate on important programming skills such as problem decomposition " "and data type design. With Python, students can be quickly introduced to " "basic concepts such as loops and procedures. They can probably even work " "with user-defined objects in their very first course." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:395 msgid "" "For a student who has never programmed before, using a statically typed " "language seems unnatural. It presents additional complexity that the " "student must master and slows the pace of the course. The students are " "trying to learn to think like a computer, decompose problems, design " "consistent interfaces, and encapsulate data. While learning to use a " "statically typed language is important in the long term, it is not " "necessarily the best topic to address in the students' first programming " "course." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:403 msgid "" "Many other aspects of Python make it a good first language. Like Java, " "Python has a large standard library so that students can be assigned " "programming projects very early in the course that *do* something. " "Assignments aren't restricted to the standard four-function calculator and " "check balancing programs. By using the standard library, students can gain " "the satisfaction of working on realistic applications as they learn the " "fundamentals of programming. Using the standard library also teaches " "students about code reuse. Third-party modules such as PyGame are also " "helpful in extending the students' reach." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:412 msgid "" "Python's interactive interpreter enables students to test language features " "while they're programming. They can keep a window with the interpreter " "running while they enter their program's source in another window. If they " "can't remember the methods for a list, they can do something like this::" msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:441 msgid "" "With the interpreter, documentation is never far from the student as they " "are programming." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:444 msgid "" "There are also good IDEs for Python. IDLE is a cross-platform IDE for " "Python that is written in Python using Tkinter. PythonWin is a Windows-" "specific IDE. Emacs users will be happy to know that there is a very good " "Python mode for Emacs. All of these programming environments provide syntax " "highlighting, auto-indenting, and access to the interactive interpreter " "while coding. Consult `the Python wiki `_ for a full list of Python editing environments." msgstr "" #: ../Doc/faq/general.rst:452 msgid "" "If you want to discuss Python's use in education, you may be interested in " "joining `the edu-sig mailing list `_." msgstr ""