python-docs-fr/whatsnew/2.1.po

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#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:3
msgid "What's New in Python 2.1"
msgstr "Nouveautés de Python 2.1"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:0
msgid "Author"
msgstr "Auteur"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:5
msgid "A.M. Kuchling"
msgstr "A.M. Kuchling"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:13
msgid "Introduction"
msgstr "Introduction"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:15
msgid ""
"This article explains the new features in Python 2.1.  While there aren't as "
"many changes in 2.1 as there were in Python 2.0, there are still some "
"pleasant surprises in store.  2.1 is the first release to be steered through "
"the use of Python Enhancement Proposals, or PEPs, so most of the sizable "
"changes have accompanying PEPs that provide more complete documentation and "
"a design rationale for the change.  This article doesn't attempt to document "
"the new features completely, but simply provides an overview of the new "
"features for Python programmers. Refer to the Python 2.1 documentation, or "
"to the specific PEP, for more details about any new feature that "
"particularly interests you."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:25
msgid ""
"One recent goal of the Python development team has been to accelerate the "
"pace of new releases, with a new release coming every 6 to 9 months. 2.1 is "
"the first release to come out at this faster pace, with the first alpha "
"appearing in January, 3 months after the final version of 2.0 was released."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:30
msgid "The final release of Python 2.1 was made on April 17, 2001."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:36
msgid "PEP 227: Nested Scopes"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:38
msgid ""
"The largest change in Python 2.1 is to Python's scoping rules.  In Python "
"2.0, at any given time there are at most three namespaces used to look up "
"variable names: local, module-level, and the built-in namespace.  This often "
"surprised people because it didn't match their intuitive expectations.  For "
"example, a nested recursive function definition doesn't work::"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:51
msgid ""
"The function :func:`g` will always raise a :exc:`NameError` exception, "
"because the binding of the name ``g`` isn't in either its local namespace or "
"in the module-level namespace.  This isn't much of a problem in practice "
"(how often do you recursively define interior functions like this?), but "
"this also made using the :keyword:`lambda` expression clumsier, and this was "
"a problem in practice. In code which uses :keyword:`lambda` you can often "
"find local variables being copied by passing them as the default values of "
"arguments. ::"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:65
msgid ""
"The readability of Python code written in a strongly functional style "
"suffers greatly as a result."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:68
msgid ""
"The most significant change to Python 2.1 is that static scoping has been "
"added to the language to fix this problem.  As a first effect, the "
"``name=name`` default argument is now unnecessary in the above example.  Put "
"simply, when a given variable name is not assigned a value within a function "
"(by an assignment, or the :keyword:`def`, :keyword:`class`, or :keyword:"
"`import` statements), references to the variable will be looked up in the "
"local namespace of the enclosing scope.  A more detailed explanation of the "
"rules, and a dissection of the implementation, can be found in the PEP."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:77
msgid ""
"This change may cause some compatibility problems for code where the same "
"variable name is used both at the module level and as a local variable "
"within a function that contains further function definitions. This seems "
"rather unlikely though, since such code would have been pretty confusing to "
"read in the first place."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:83
msgid ""
"One side effect of the change is that the ``from module import *`` and "
"``exec`` statements have been made illegal inside a function scope under "
"certain conditions.  The Python reference manual has said all along that "
"``from module import *`` is only legal at the top level of a module, but the "
"CPython interpreter has never enforced this before.  As part of the "
"implementation of nested scopes, the compiler which turns Python source into "
"bytecodes has to generate different code to access variables in a containing "
"scope.  ``from module import *`` and ``exec`` make it impossible for the "
"compiler to figure this out, because they add names to the local namespace "
"that are unknowable at compile time. Therefore, if a function contains "
"function definitions or :keyword:`lambda` expressions with free variables, "
"the compiler will flag this by raising a :exc:`SyntaxError` exception."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:96
msgid "To make the preceding explanation a bit clearer, here's an example::"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:105
msgid ""
"Line 4 containing the ``exec`` statement is a syntax error, since ``exec`` "
"would define a new local variable named ``x`` whose value should be accessed "
"by :func:`g`."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:109
msgid ""
"This shouldn't be much of a limitation, since ``exec`` is rarely used in "
"most Python code (and when it is used, it's often a sign of a poor design "
"anyway)."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:113
msgid ""
"Compatibility concerns have led to nested scopes being introduced gradually; "
"in Python 2.1, they aren't enabled by default, but can be turned on within a "
"module by using a future statement as described in :pep:`236`.  (See the "
"following section for further discussion of :pep:`236`.)  In Python 2.2, "
"nested scopes will become the default and there will be no way to turn them "
"off, but users will have had all of 2.1's lifetime to fix any breakage "
"resulting from their introduction."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:123
msgid ":pep:`227` - Statically Nested Scopes"
msgstr ":pep:`227` - Statically Nested Scopes"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:124
msgid "Written and implemented by Jeremy Hylton."
msgstr "Écrit et implémenté par Jeremy Hylton."

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:130
msgid "PEP 236: __future__ Directives"
msgstr "PEP 236 : Directives ``__future__``"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:132
msgid ""
"The reaction to nested scopes was widespread concern about the dangers of "
"breaking code with the 2.1 release, and it was strong enough to make the "
"Pythoneers take a more conservative approach.  This approach consists of "
"introducing a convention for enabling optional functionality in release N "
"that will become compulsory in release N+1."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:138
msgid ""
"The syntax uses a ``from...import`` statement using the reserved module "
"name :mod:`__future__`.  Nested scopes can be enabled by the following "
"statement::"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:143
msgid ""
"While it looks like a normal :keyword:`import` statement, it's not; there "
"are strict rules on where such a future statement can be put. They can only "
"be at the top of a module, and must precede any Python code or regular :"
"keyword:`!import` statements.  This is because such statements can affect "
"how the Python bytecode compiler parses code and generates bytecode, so they "
"must precede any statement that will result in bytecodes being produced."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:153
msgid ":pep:`236` - Back to the :mod:`__future__`"
msgstr ":pep:`236` -- Retour vers le :mod:`__future__`"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:154
msgid "Written by Tim Peters, and primarily implemented by Jeremy Hylton."
msgstr "Écrit par Tim Peters, et implémenté principalement par Jeremy Hylton."

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:160
msgid "PEP 207: Rich Comparisons"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:162
msgid ""
"In earlier versions, Python's support for implementing comparisons on user-"
"defined classes and extension types was quite simple. Classes could "
"implement a :meth:`__cmp__` method that was given two instances of a class, "
"and could only return 0 if they were equal or +1 or -1 if they weren't; the "
"method couldn't raise an exception or return anything other than a Boolean "
"value.  Users of Numeric Python often found this model too weak and "
"restrictive, because in the number-crunching programs that numeric Python is "
"used for, it would be more useful to be able to perform elementwise "
"comparisons of two matrices, returning a matrix containing the results of a "
"given comparison for each element.  If the two matrices are of different "
"sizes, then the compare has to be able to raise an exception to signal the "
"error."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:174
msgid ""
"In Python 2.1, rich comparisons were added in order to support this need. "
"Python classes can now individually overload each of the ``<``, ``<=``, "
"``>``, ``>=``, ``==``, and ``!=`` operations.  The new magic method names "
"are:"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:179
msgid "Operation"
msgstr "Opération"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:179
msgid "Method name"
msgstr "Nom de méthode"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:181
msgid "``<``"
msgstr "``<``"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:181
msgid ":meth:`__lt__`"
msgstr ":meth:`__lt__`"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:183
msgid "``<=``"
msgstr "``<=``"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:183
msgid ":meth:`__le__`"
msgstr ":meth:`__le__`"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:185
msgid "``>``"
msgstr "``>``"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:185
msgid ":meth:`__gt__`"
msgstr ":meth:`__gt__`"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:187
msgid "``>=``"
msgstr "``>=``"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:187
msgid ":meth:`__ge__`"
msgstr ":meth:`__ge__`"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:189
msgid "``==``"
msgstr "``==``"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:189
msgid ":meth:`__eq__`"
msgstr ":meth:`__eq__`"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:191
msgid "``!=``"
msgstr "``!=``"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:191
msgid ":meth:`__ne__`"
msgstr ":meth:`__ne__`"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:194
msgid ""
"(The magic methods are named after the corresponding Fortran operators ``.LT."
"``. ``.LE.``, &c.  Numeric programmers are almost certainly quite familiar "
"with these names and will find them easy to remember.)"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:198
msgid ""
"Each of these magic methods is of the form ``method(self, other)``, where "
"``self`` will be the object on the left-hand side of the operator, while "
"``other`` will be the object on the right-hand side.  For example, the "
"expression ``A < B`` will cause ``A.__lt__(B)`` to be called."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:203
msgid ""
"Each of these magic methods can return anything at all: a Boolean, a matrix, "
"a list, or any other Python object.  Alternatively they can raise an "
"exception if the comparison is impossible, inconsistent, or otherwise "
"meaningless."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:207
msgid ""
"The built-in ``cmp(A,B)`` function can use the rich comparison machinery, "
"and now accepts an optional argument specifying which comparison operation "
"to use; this is given as one of the strings ``\"<\"``, ``\"<=\"``, "
"``\">\"``, ``\">=\"``, ``\"==\"``, or ``\"!=\"``.  If called without the "
"optional third argument, :func:`cmp` will only return -1, 0, or +1 as in "
"previous versions of Python; otherwise it will call the appropriate method "
"and can return any Python object."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:214
msgid ""
"There are also corresponding changes of interest to C programmers; there's a "
"new slot ``tp_richcmp`` in type objects and an API for performing a given "
"rich comparison.  I won't cover the C API here, but will refer you to :pep:"
"`207`, or to 2.1's C API documentation, for the full list of related "
"functions."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:223
msgid ":pep:`207` - Rich Comparisons"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:223
msgid ""
"Written by Guido van Rossum, heavily based on earlier work by David Ascher, "
"and implemented by Guido van Rossum."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:230
msgid "PEP 230: Warning Framework"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:232
msgid ""
"Over its 10 years of existence, Python has accumulated a certain number of "
"obsolete modules and features along the way.  It's difficult to know when a "
"feature is safe to remove, since there's no way of knowing how much code "
"uses it --- perhaps no programs depend on the feature, or perhaps many do.  "
"To enable removing old features in a more structured way, a warning "
"framework was added. When the Python developers want to get rid of a "
"feature, it will first trigger a warning in the next version of Python.  The "
"following Python version can then drop the feature, and users will have had "
"a full release cycle to remove uses of the old feature."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:242
msgid ""
"Python 2.1 adds the warning framework to be used in this scheme.  It adds a :"
"mod:`warnings` module that provide functions to issue warnings, and to "
"filter out warnings that you don't want to be displayed. Third-party modules "
"can also use this framework to deprecate old features that they no longer "
"wish to support."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:248
msgid ""
"For example, in Python 2.1 the :mod:`regex` module is deprecated, so "
"importing it causes a warning to be printed::"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:256
msgid "Warnings can be issued by calling the :func:`warnings.warn` function::"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:260
msgid ""
"The first parameter is the warning message; an additional optional "
"parameters can be used to specify a particular warning category."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:263
msgid ""
"Filters can be added to disable certain warnings; a regular expression "
"pattern can be applied to the message or to the module name in order to "
"suppress a warning.  For example, you may have a program that uses the :mod:"
"`regex` module and not want to spare the time to convert it to use the :mod:"
"`re` module right now.  The warning can be suppressed by calling ::"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:275
msgid ""
"This adds a filter that will apply only to warnings of the class :class:"
"`DeprecationWarning` triggered in the :mod:`__main__` module, and applies a "
"regular expression to only match the message about the :mod:`regex` module "
"being deprecated, and will cause such warnings to be ignored.  Warnings can "
"also be printed only once, printed every time the offending code is "
"executed, or turned into exceptions that will cause the program to stop "
"(unless the exceptions are caught in the usual way, of course)."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:283
msgid ""
"Functions were also added to Python's C API for issuing warnings; refer to "
"PEP 230 or to Python's API documentation for the details."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:293
msgid ":pep:`5` - Guidelines for Language Evolution"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:290
msgid ""
"Written by Paul Prescod, to specify procedures to be followed when removing "
"old features from Python.  The policy described in this PEP hasn't been "
"officially adopted, but the eventual policy probably won't be too different "
"from Prescod's proposal."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:295
msgid ":pep:`230` - Warning Framework"
msgstr ":pep:`230` - Warning Framework"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:296
msgid "Written and implemented by Guido van Rossum."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:302
msgid "PEP 229: New Build System"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:304
msgid ""
"When compiling Python, the user had to go in and edit the :file:`Modules/"
"Setup` file in order to enable various additional modules; the default set "
"is relatively small and limited to modules that compile on most Unix "
"platforms. This means that on Unix platforms with many more features, most "
"notably Linux, Python installations often don't contain all useful modules "
"they could."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:310
msgid ""
"Python 2.0 added the Distutils, a set of modules for distributing and "
"installing extensions.  In Python 2.1, the Distutils are used to compile "
"much of the standard library of extension modules, autodetecting which ones "
"are supported on the current machine.  It's hoped that this will make Python "
"installations easier and more featureful."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:316
msgid ""
"Instead of having to edit the :file:`Modules/Setup` file in order to enable "
"modules, a :file:`setup.py` script in the top directory of the Python source "
"distribution is run at build time, and attempts to discover which modules "
"can be enabled by examining the modules and header files on the system.  If "
"a module is configured in :file:`Modules/Setup`, the :file:`setup.py` script "
"won't attempt to compile that module and will defer to the :file:`Modules/"
"Setup` file's contents.  This provides a way to specific any strange command-"
"line flags or libraries that are required for a specific platform."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:325
msgid ""
"In another far-reaching change to the build mechanism, Neil Schemenauer "
"restructured things so Python now uses a single makefile that isn't "
"recursive, instead of makefiles in the top directory and in each of the :"
"file:`Python/`, :file:`Parser/`, :file:`Objects/`, and :file:`Modules/` "
"subdirectories.  This makes building Python faster and also makes hacking "
"the Makefiles clearer and simpler."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:335
msgid ":pep:`229` - Using Distutils to Build Python"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:574
msgid "Written and implemented by A.M. Kuchling."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:342
msgid "PEP 205: Weak References"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:344
msgid ""
"Weak references, available through the :mod:`weakref` module, are a minor "
"but useful new data type in the Python programmer's toolbox."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:347
msgid ""
"Storing a reference to an object (say, in a dictionary or a list) has the "
"side effect of keeping that object alive forever.  There are a few specific "
"cases where this behaviour is undesirable, object caches being the most "
"common one, and another being circular references in data structures such as "
"trees."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:352
msgid ""
"For example, consider a memoizing function that caches the results of "
"another function ``f(x)`` by storing the function's argument and its result "
"in a dictionary::"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:368
msgid ""
"This version works for simple things such as integers, but it has a side "
"effect; the ``_cache`` dictionary holds a reference to the return values, so "
"they'll never be deallocated until the Python process exits and cleans up. "
"This isn't very noticeable for integers, but if :func:`f` returns an object, "
"or a data structure that takes up a lot of memory, this can be a problem."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:374
msgid ""
"Weak references provide a way to implement a cache that won't keep objects "
"alive beyond their time.  If an object is only accessible through weak "
"references, the object will be deallocated and the weak references will now "
"indicate that the object it referred to no longer exists.  A weak reference "
"to an object *obj* is created by calling ``wr = weakref.ref(obj)``.  The "
"object being referred to is returned by calling the weak reference as if it "
"were a function: ``wr()``.  It will return the referenced object, or "
"``None`` if the object no longer exists."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:382
msgid ""
"This makes it possible to write a :func:`memoize` function whose cache "
"doesn't keep objects alive, by storing weak references in the cache. ::"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:400
msgid ""
"The :mod:`weakref` module also allows creating proxy objects which behave "
"like weak references --- an object referenced only by proxy objects is "
"deallocated -- but instead of requiring an explicit call to retrieve the "
"object, the proxy transparently forwards all operations to the object as "
"long as the object still exists.  If the object is deallocated, attempting "
"to use a proxy will cause a :exc:`weakref.ReferenceError` exception to be "
"raised. ::"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:416
msgid ":pep:`205` - Weak References"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:417
msgid "Written and implemented by Fred L. Drake, Jr."
msgstr "Écrit et implémenté par Fred L. Drake, Jr."

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:423
msgid "PEP 232: Function Attributes"
msgstr "PEP 232 : Attributs de fonctions"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:425
msgid ""
"In Python 2.1, functions can now have arbitrary information attached to "
"them. People were often using docstrings to hold information about functions "
"and methods, because the ``__doc__`` attribute was the only way of attaching "
"any information to a function.  For example, in the Zope web application "
"server, functions are marked as safe for public access by having a "
"docstring, and in John Aycock's SPARK parsing framework, docstrings hold "
"parts of the BNF grammar to be parsed.  This overloading is unfortunate, "
"since docstrings are really intended to hold a function's documentation; for "
"example, it means you can't properly document functions intended for private "
"use in Zope."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:435
msgid ""
"Arbitrary attributes can now be set and retrieved on functions using the "
"regular Python syntax::"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:444
msgid ""
"The dictionary containing attributes can be accessed as the function's :attr:"
"`~object.__dict__`. Unlike the :attr:`~object.__dict__` attribute of class "
"instances, in functions you can actually assign a new dictionary to :attr:"
"`~object.__dict__`, though the new value is restricted to a regular Python "
"dictionary; you *can't* be tricky and set it to a :class:`UserDict` "
"instance, or any other random object that behaves like a mapping."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:454
msgid ":pep:`232` - Function Attributes"
msgstr ":pep:`232` -- Attributs de fonctions"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:455
msgid "Written and implemented by Barry Warsaw."
msgstr "Écrit et implémenté par Barry Warsaw."

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:461
msgid "PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:463
msgid ""
"Some operating systems have filesystems that are case-insensitive, MacOS and "
"Windows being the primary examples; on these systems, it's impossible to "
"distinguish the filenames ``FILE.PY`` and ``file.py``, even though they do "
"store the file's name  in its original case (they're case-preserving, too)."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:468
msgid ""
"In Python 2.1, the :keyword:`import` statement will work to simulate case-"
"sensitivity on case-insensitive platforms.  Python will now search for the "
"first case-sensitive match by default, raising an :exc:`ImportError` if no "
"such file is found, so ``import file`` will not import a module named ``FILE."
"PY``. Case-insensitive matching can be requested by setting the :envvar:"
"`PYTHONCASEOK` environment variable before starting the Python interpreter."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:479
msgid "PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:481
msgid ""
"When using the Python interpreter interactively, the output of commands is "
"displayed using the built-in :func:`repr` function. In Python 2.1, the "
"variable :func:`sys.displayhook` can be set to a callable object which will "
"be called instead of :func:`repr`. For example, you can set it to a special "
"pretty-printing function::"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:502
msgid ":pep:`217` - Display Hook for Interactive Use"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:503
msgid "Written and implemented by Moshe Zadka."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:509
msgid "PEP 208: New Coercion Model"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:511
msgid ""
"How numeric coercion is done at the C level was significantly modified.  "
"This will only affect the authors of C extensions to Python, allowing them "
"more flexibility in writing extension types that support numeric operations."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:515
msgid ""
"Extension types can now set the type flag ``Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES`` in their "
"``PyTypeObject`` structure to indicate that they support the new coercion "
"model. In such extension types, the numeric slot functions can no longer "
"assume that they'll be passed two arguments of the same type; instead they "
"may be passed two arguments of differing types, and can then perform their "
"own internal coercion. If the slot function is passed a type it can't "
"handle, it can indicate the failure by returning a reference to the "
"``Py_NotImplemented`` singleton value. The numeric functions of the other "
"type will then be tried, and perhaps they can handle the operation; if the "
"other type also returns ``Py_NotImplemented``, then a :exc:`TypeError` will "
"be raised.  Numeric methods written in Python can also return "
"``Py_NotImplemented``, causing the interpreter to act as if the method did "
"not exist (perhaps raising a :exc:`TypeError`, perhaps trying another "
"object's numeric methods)."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:534
msgid ":pep:`208` - Reworking the Coercion Model"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:533
msgid ""
"Written and implemented by Neil Schemenauer, heavily based upon earlier work "
"by Marc-André Lemburg.  Read this to understand the fine points of how "
"numeric operations will now be processed at the C level."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:541
msgid "PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:543
msgid ""
"A common complaint from Python users is that there's no single catalog of "
"all the Python modules in existence.  T. Middleton's Vaults of Parnassus at "
"``www.vex.net/parnassus/`` (retired in February 2009, `available in the "
"Internet Archive Wayback Machine <https://web.archive.org/web/20090130140102/"
"http://www.vex.net/parnassus/>`_) was the largest catalog of Python modules, "
"but registering software at the Vaults is optional, and many people did not "
"bother."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:551
msgid ""
"As a first small step toward fixing the problem, Python software packaged "
"using the Distutils :command:`sdist` command will include a file named :file:"
"`PKG-INFO` containing information about the package such as its name, "
"version, and author (metadata, in cataloguing terminology).  :pep:`241` "
"contains the full list of fields that can be present in the :file:`PKG-INFO` "
"file.  As people began to package their software using Python 2.1, more and "
"more packages will include metadata, making it possible to build automated "
"cataloguing systems and experiment with them.  With the result experience, "
"perhaps it'll be possible to design a really good catalog and then build "
"support for it into Python 2.2. For example, the Distutils :command:`sdist` "
"and :command:`bdist_\\*` commands could support an ``upload`` option that "
"would automatically upload your package to a catalog server."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:564
msgid ""
"You can start creating packages containing :file:`PKG-INFO` even if you're "
"not using Python 2.1, since a new release of the Distutils will be made for "
"users of earlier Python versions.  Version 1.0.2 of the Distutils includes "
"the changes described in :pep:`241`, as well as various bugfixes and "
"enhancements.  It will be available from the Distutils SIG at https://www."
"python.org/community/sigs/current/distutils-sig/."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:574
msgid ":pep:`241` - Metadata for Python Software Packages"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:577
msgid ":pep:`243` - Module Repository Upload Mechanism"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:577
msgid ""
"Written by Sean Reifschneider, this draft PEP describes a proposed mechanism "
"for uploading  Python packages to a central server."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:584
msgid "New and Improved Modules"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:586
msgid ""
"Ka-Ping Yee contributed two new modules: :mod:`inspect.py`, a module for "
"getting information about live Python code, and :mod:`pydoc.py`, a module "
"for interactively converting docstrings to HTML or text.  As a bonus, :file:"
"`Tools/scripts/pydoc`, which is now automatically installed, uses :mod:"
"`pydoc.py` to display documentation given a Python module, package, or class "
"name.  For example, ``pydoc xml.dom`` displays the following::"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:608
msgid ""
":file:`pydoc` also includes a Tk-based interactive help browser.   :file:"
"`pydoc` quickly becomes addictive; try it out!"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:611
msgid ""
"Two different modules for unit testing were added to the standard library. "
"The :mod:`doctest` module, contributed by Tim Peters, provides a testing "
"framework based on running embedded examples in docstrings and comparing the "
"results against the expected output.  PyUnit, contributed by Steve Purcell, "
"is a unit testing framework inspired by JUnit, which was in turn an "
"adaptation of Kent Beck's Smalltalk testing framework.  See http://pyunit."
"sourceforge.net/ for more information about PyUnit."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:619
msgid ""
"The :mod:`difflib` module contains a class, :class:`SequenceMatcher`, which "
"compares two sequences and computes the changes required to transform one "
"sequence into the other.  For example, this module can be used to write a "
"tool similar to the Unix :program:`diff` program, and in fact the sample "
"program :file:`Tools/scripts/ndiff.py` demonstrates how to write such a "
"script."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:625
msgid ""
":mod:`curses.panel`, a wrapper for the panel library, part of ncurses and of "
"SYSV curses, was contributed by Thomas Gellekum.  The panel library provides "
"windows with the additional feature of depth. Windows can be moved higher or "
"lower in the depth ordering, and the panel library figures out where panels "
"overlap and which sections are visible."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:631
msgid ""
"The PyXML package has gone through a few releases since Python 2.0, and "
"Python 2.1 includes an updated version of the :mod:`xml` package.  Some of "
"the noteworthy changes include support for Expat 1.2 and later versions, the "
"ability for Expat parsers to handle files in any encoding supported by "
"Python, and various bugfixes for SAX, DOM, and the :mod:`minidom` module."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:637
msgid ""
"Ping also contributed another hook for handling uncaught exceptions. :func:"
"`sys.excepthook` can be set to a callable object.  When an exception isn't "
"caught by any :keyword:`try`...\\ :keyword:`except` blocks, the exception "
"will be passed to :func:`sys.excepthook`, which can then do whatever it "
"likes.  At the Ninth Python Conference, Ping demonstrated an application for "
"this hook: printing an extended traceback that not only lists the stack "
"frames, but also lists the function arguments and the local variables for "
"each frame."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:645
msgid ""
"Various functions in the :mod:`time` module, such as :func:`asctime` and :"
"func:`localtime`, require a floating point argument containing the time in "
"seconds since the epoch.  The most common use of these functions is to work "
"with the current time, so the floating point argument has been made "
"optional; when a value isn't provided, the current time will be used.  For "
"example, log file entries usually need a string containing the current time; "
"in Python 2.1, ``time.asctime()`` can be used, instead of the lengthier "
"``time.asctime(time.localtime(time.time()))`` that was previously required."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:654
msgid "This change was proposed and implemented by Thomas Wouters."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:656
msgid ""
"The :mod:`ftplib` module now defaults to retrieving files in passive mode, "
"because passive mode is more likely to work from behind a firewall.  This "
"request came from the Debian bug tracking system, since other Debian "
"packages use :mod:`ftplib` to retrieve files and then don't work from behind "
"a firewall. It's deemed unlikely that this will cause problems for anyone, "
"because Netscape defaults to passive mode and few people complain, but if "
"passive mode is unsuitable for your application or network setup, call "
"``set_pasv(0)`` on FTP objects to disable passive mode."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:665
msgid ""
"Support for raw socket access has been added to the :mod:`socket` module, "
"contributed by Grant Edwards."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:668
msgid ""
"The :mod:`pstats` module now contains a simple interactive statistics "
"browser for displaying timing profiles for Python programs, invoked when the "
"module is run as a script.  Contributed by  Eric S. Raymond."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:672
msgid ""
"A new implementation-dependent function, ``sys._getframe([depth])``, has "
"been added to return a given frame object from the current call stack. :func:"
"`sys._getframe` returns the frame at the top of the call stack;  if the "
"optional integer argument *depth* is supplied, the function returns the "
"frame that is *depth* calls below the top of the stack.  For example, ``sys."
"_getframe(1)`` returns the caller's frame object."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:679
msgid ""
"This function is only present in CPython, not in Jython or the .NET "
"implementation.  Use it for debugging, and resist the temptation to put it "
"into production code."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:687
msgid "Other Changes and Fixes"
msgstr "Autres changements et corrections"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:689
msgid ""
"There were relatively few smaller changes made in Python 2.1 due to the "
"shorter release cycle.  A search through the CVS change logs turns up 117 "
"patches applied, and 136 bugs fixed; both figures are likely to be "
"underestimates.  Some of the more notable changes are:"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:694
msgid ""
"A specialized object allocator is now optionally available, that should be "
"faster than the system :func:`malloc` and have less memory overhead.  The "
"allocator uses C's :func:`malloc` function to get large pools of memory, and "
"then fulfills smaller memory requests from these pools.  It can be enabled "
"by providing the :option:`!--with-pymalloc` option to the :program:"
"`configure` script; see :file:`Objects/obmalloc.c` for the implementation "
"details."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:701
msgid ""
"Authors of C extension modules should test their code with the object "
"allocator enabled, because some incorrect code may break, causing core dumps "
"at runtime. There are a bunch of memory allocation functions in Python's C "
"API that have previously been just aliases for the C library's :func:"
"`malloc` and :func:`free`, meaning that if you accidentally called "
"mismatched functions, the error wouldn't be noticeable.  When the object "
"allocator is enabled, these functions aren't aliases of :func:`malloc` and :"
"func:`free` any more, and calling the wrong function to free memory will get "
"you a core dump.  For example, if memory was allocated using :func:"
"`PyMem_New`, it has to be freed using :func:`PyMem_Del`, not :func:`free`.  "
"A few modules included with Python fell afoul of this and had to be fixed; "
"doubtless there are more third-party modules that will have the same problem."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:714
msgid "The object allocator was contributed by Vladimir Marangozov."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:716
msgid ""
"The speed of line-oriented file I/O has been improved because people often "
"complain about its lack of speed, and because it's often been used as a "
"naïve benchmark.  The :meth:`readline` method of file objects has therefore "
"been rewritten to be much faster.  The exact amount of the speedup will vary "
"from platform to platform depending on how slow the C library's :func:`getc` "
"was, but is around 66%, and potentially much faster on some particular "
"operating systems. Tim Peters did much of the benchmarking and coding for "
"this change, motivated by a discussion in comp.lang.python."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:725
msgid ""
"A new module and method for file objects was also added, contributed by Jeff "
"Epler. The new method, :meth:`xreadlines`, is similar to the existing :func:"
"`xrange` built-in.  :func:`xreadlines` returns an opaque sequence object "
"that only supports being iterated over, reading a line on every iteration "
"but not reading the entire file into memory as the existing :meth:"
"`readlines` method does. You'd use it like this::"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:736
msgid ""
"For a fuller discussion of the line I/O changes, see the python-dev summary "
"for January 1--15, 2001 at https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2001-"
"January/."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:739
msgid ""
"A new method, :meth:`popitem`, was added to dictionaries to enable "
"destructively iterating through the contents of a dictionary; this can be "
"faster for large dictionaries because there's no need to construct a list "
"containing all the keys or values. ``D.popitem()`` removes a random ``(key, "
"value)`` pair from the dictionary ``D`` and returns it as a 2-tuple.  This "
"was implemented mostly by Tim Peters and Guido van Rossum, after a "
"suggestion and preliminary patch by Moshe Zadka."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:747
msgid ""
"Modules can now control which names are imported when ``from module import "
"*`` is used, by defining an ``__all__`` attribute containing a list of names "
"that will be imported.  One common complaint is that if the module imports "
"other modules such as :mod:`sys` or :mod:`string`, ``from module import *`` "
"will add them to the importing module's namespace.  To fix this, simply list "
"the public names in ``__all__``::"
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:757
msgid ""
"A stricter version of this patch was first suggested and implemented by Ben "
"Wolfson, but after some python-dev discussion, a weaker final version was "
"checked in."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:761
msgid ""
"Applying :func:`repr` to strings previously used octal escapes for non-"
"printable characters; for example, a newline was ``'\\012'``.  This was a "
"vestigial trace of Python's C ancestry, but today octal is of very little "
"practical use.  Ka-Ping Yee suggested using hex escapes instead of octal "
"ones, and using the ``\\n``, ``\\t``, ``\\r`` escapes for the appropriate "
"characters, and implemented this new formatting."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:768
msgid ""
"Syntax errors detected at compile-time can now raise exceptions containing "
"the filename and line number of the error, a pleasant side effect of the "
"compiler reorganization done by Jeremy Hylton."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:772
msgid ""
"C extensions which import other modules have been changed to use :func:"
"`PyImport_ImportModule`, which means that they will use any import hooks "
"that have been installed.  This is also encouraged for third-party "
"extensions that need to import some other module from C code."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:777
msgid ""
"The size of the Unicode character database was shrunk by another 340K thanks "
"to Fredrik Lundh."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:780
msgid ""
"Some new ports were contributed: MacOS X (by Steven Majewski), Cygwin (by "
"Jason Tishler); RISCOS (by Dietmar Schwertberger); Unixware 7  (by Billy G. "
"Allie)."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:784
msgid ""
"And there's the usual list of minor bugfixes, minor memory leaks, docstring "
"edits, and other tweaks, too lengthy to be worth itemizing; see the CVS logs "
"for the full details if you want them."
msgstr ""

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:792
msgid "Acknowledgements"
msgstr "Remerciements"

#: whatsnew/2.1.rst:794
msgid ""
"The author would like to thank the following people for offering suggestions "
"on various drafts of this article: Graeme Cross, David Goodger, Jay Graves, "
"Michael Hudson, Marc-André Lemburg, Fredrik Lundh, Neil Schemenauer, Thomas "
"Wouters."
msgstr ""