python-docs-fr/howto/unicode.po

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#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:3
msgid "Unicode HOWTO"
msgstr "Guide Unicode"

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:5
msgid "1.03"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:7
msgid ""
"This HOWTO discusses Python 2.x's support for Unicode, and explains various "
"problems that people commonly encounter when trying to work with Unicode.  "
"For the Python 3 version, see <https://docs.python.org/3/howto/unicode.html>."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:13
msgid "Introduction to Unicode"
msgstr "Introduction à Unicode"

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:16
msgid "History of Character Codes"
msgstr "Histoire des codes de caractères"

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:18
msgid ""
"In 1968, the American Standard Code for Information Interchange, better "
"known by its acronym ASCII, was standardized.  ASCII defined numeric codes "
"for various characters, with the numeric values running from 0 to 127.  For "
"example, the lowercase letter 'a' is assigned 97 as its code value."
msgstr ""
"En 1968, l'*American Standard Code for Information Interchange*, mieux connu "
"sous son acronyme *ASCII*, a été normalisé.  L'ASCII définissait des codes "
"numériques  pour différents caractères, les valeurs numériques s'étendant de "
"0 à 127.  Par exemple, la lettre minuscule « a » est assignée à 97 comme "
"valeur de code."

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:24
msgid ""
"ASCII was an American-developed standard, so it only defined unaccented "
"characters.  There was an 'e', but no 'é' or 'Í'.  This meant that languages "
"which required accented characters couldn't be faithfully represented in "
"ASCII. (Actually the missing accents matter for English, too, which contains "
"words such as 'naïve' and 'café', and some publications have house styles "
"which require spellings such as 'coöperate'.)"
msgstr ""
"ASCII était une norme développée par les États-Unis, elle ne définissait "
"donc que des caractères non accentués.  Il y avait « e », mais pas « é » ou "
"« Í ».  Cela signifiait que les langues qui nécessitaient des caractères "
"accentués ne pouvaient pas être fidèlement représentées en ASCII. (En fait, "
"les accents manquants importaient pour l'anglais aussi, qui contient des "
"mots tels que « naïve » et « café », et certaines publications ont des "
"styles propres qui exigent des orthographes tels que « *coöperate* ».)"

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:31
msgid ""
"For a while people just wrote programs that didn't display accents.  I "
"remember looking at Apple ][ BASIC programs, published in French-language "
"publications in the mid-1980s, that had lines like these::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:38
msgid ""
"Those messages should contain accents, and they just look wrong to someone "
"who can read French."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:41
msgid ""
"In the 1980s, almost all personal computers were 8-bit, meaning that bytes "
"could hold values ranging from 0 to 255.  ASCII codes only went up to 127, "
"so some machines assigned values between 128 and 255 to accented "
"characters.  Different machines had different codes, however, which led to "
"problems exchanging files. Eventually various commonly used sets of values "
"for the 128-255 range emerged. Some were true standards, defined by the "
"International Standards Organization, and some were **de facto** conventions "
"that were invented by one company or another and managed to catch on."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:50
msgid ""
"255 characters aren't very many.  For example, you can't fit both the "
"accented characters used in Western Europe and the Cyrillic alphabet used "
"for Russian into the 128-255 range because there are more than 128 such "
"characters."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:54
msgid ""
"You could write files using different codes (all your Russian files in a "
"coding system called KOI8, all your French files in a different coding "
"system called Latin1), but what if you wanted to write a French document "
"that quotes some Russian text?  In the 1980s people began to want to solve "
"this problem, and the Unicode standardization effort began."
msgstr ""
"Vous pouviez écrire les fichiers avec des codes différents (tous vos "
"fichiers russes dans un système de codage appelé *KOI8*, tous vos fichiers "
"français dans un système de codage différent appelé *Latin1*), mais que "
"faire si vous souhaitiez écrire un document français citant du texte russe ? "
"Dans les années 80, les gens ont commencé à vouloir résoudre ce problème, et "
"les efforts de standardisation Unicode ont commencé."

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:60
msgid ""
"Unicode started out using 16-bit characters instead of 8-bit characters.  16 "
"bits means you have 2^16 = 65,536 distinct values available, making it "
"possible to represent many different characters from many different "
"alphabets; an initial goal was to have Unicode contain the alphabets for "
"every single human language. It turns out that even 16 bits isn't enough to "
"meet that goal, and the modern Unicode specification uses a wider range of "
"codes, 0-1,114,111 (0x10ffff in base-16)."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:68
msgid ""
"There's a related ISO standard, ISO 10646.  Unicode and ISO 10646 were "
"originally separate efforts, but the specifications were merged with the 1.1 "
"revision of Unicode."
msgstr ""
"Il existe une norme ISO connexe, ISO 10646. Unicode et ISO 10646 étaient à "
"l’origine des efforts séparés, mais les spécifications ont été fusionnées "
"avec la révision 1.1 d’Unicode."

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:72
msgid ""
"(This discussion of Unicode's history is highly simplified.  I don't think "
"the average Python programmer needs to worry about the historical details; "
"consult the Unicode consortium site listed in the References for more "
"information.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:78
msgid "Definitions"
msgstr "Définitions"

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:80
msgid ""
"A **character** is the smallest possible component of a text.  'A', 'B', "
"'C', etc., are all different characters.  So are 'È' and 'Í'.  Characters "
"are abstractions, and vary depending on the language or context you're "
"talking about.  For example, the symbol for ohms (Ω) is usually drawn much "
"like the capital letter omega (Ω) in the Greek alphabet (they may even be "
"the same in some fonts), but these are two different characters that have "
"different meanings."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:88
msgid ""
"The Unicode standard describes how characters are represented by **code "
"points**.  A code point is an integer value, usually denoted in base 16.  In "
"the standard, a code point is written using the notation U+12ca to mean the "
"character with value 0x12ca (4810 decimal).  The Unicode standard contains a "
"lot of tables listing characters and their corresponding code points::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:100
msgid ""
"Strictly, these definitions imply that it's meaningless to say 'this is "
"character U+12ca'.  U+12ca is a code point, which represents some particular "
"character; in this case, it represents the character 'ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE "
"WI'.  In informal contexts, this distinction between code points and "
"characters will sometimes be forgotten."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:106
msgid ""
"A character is represented on a screen or on paper by a set of graphical "
"elements that's called a **glyph**.  The glyph for an uppercase A, for "
"example, is two diagonal strokes and a horizontal stroke, though the exact "
"details will depend on the font being used.  Most Python code doesn't need "
"to worry about glyphs; figuring out the correct glyph to display is "
"generally the job of a GUI toolkit or a terminal's font renderer."
msgstr ""
"Un caractère est représenté sur un écran ou sur papier par un ensemble "
"d’éléments graphiques appelé **glyphe**. Le glyphe d’un A majuscule, par "
"exemple, est deux traits diagonaux et un trait horizontal, bien que les "
"détails exacts dépendent de la police utilisée. La plupart du code Python "
"n’a pas besoin de s’inquiéter des glyphes ; trouver le bon glyphe à afficher "
"est généralement le travail d’une boîte à outils GUI ou du moteur de rendu "
"des polices d’un terminal."

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:115
msgid "Encodings"
msgstr "Encodages"

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:117
msgid ""
"To summarize the previous section: a Unicode string is a sequence of code "
"points, which are numbers from 0 to 0x10ffff.  This sequence needs to be "
"represented as a set of bytes (meaning, values from 0-255) in memory.  The "
"rules for translating a Unicode string into a sequence of bytes are called "
"an **encoding**."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:123
msgid ""
"The first encoding you might think of is an array of 32-bit integers.  In "
"this representation, the string \"Python\" would look like this::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:130
msgid ""
"This representation is straightforward but using it presents a number of "
"problems."
msgstr ""
"Cette représentation est simple mais son utilisation pose un certain nombre "
"de problèmes."

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:133
msgid "It's not portable; different processors order the bytes differently."
msgstr ""
"Elle n’est pas portable ; des processeurs différents ordonnent les octets "
"différemment."

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:135
msgid ""
"It's very wasteful of space.  In most texts, the majority of the code points "
"are less than 127, or less than 255, so a lot of space is occupied by zero "
"bytes.  The above string takes 24 bytes compared to the 6 bytes needed for "
"an ASCII representation.  Increased RAM usage doesn't matter too much "
"(desktop computers have megabytes of RAM, and strings aren't usually that "
"large), but expanding our usage of disk and network bandwidth by a factor of "
"4 is intolerable."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:143
msgid ""
"It's not compatible with existing C functions such as ``strlen()``, so a new "
"family of wide string functions would need to be used."
msgstr ""
"Elle n’est pas compatible avec les fonctions C existantes telles que "
"``strlen()``, il faudrait donc utiliser une nouvelle famille de fonctions, "
"celle des chaînes larges (*wide strings*)."

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:146
msgid ""
"Many Internet standards are defined in terms of textual data, and can't "
"handle content with embedded zero bytes."
msgstr ""
"De nombreuses normes Internet sont définies en termes de données textuelles "
"et ne peuvent pas gérer le contenu incorporant des octets *zéro*."

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:149
msgid ""
"Generally people don't use this encoding, instead choosing other encodings "
"that are more efficient and convenient.  UTF-8 is probably the most commonly "
"supported encoding; it will be discussed below."
msgstr ""
"Généralement, les gens n’utilisent pas cet encodage, mais optent pour "
"d’autres encodages plus efficaces et pratiques. UTF-8 est probablement "
"l’encodage le plus couramment pris en charge ; celui-ci sera abordé ci-"
"dessous."

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:153
msgid ""
"Encodings don't have to handle every possible Unicode character, and most "
"encodings don't.  For example, Python's default encoding is the 'ascii' "
"encoding.  The rules for converting a Unicode string into the ASCII encoding "
"are simple; for each code point:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:158
msgid ""
"If the code point is < 128, each byte is the same as the value of the code "
"point."
msgstr ""
"Si le point de code est < 128, chaque octet est identique à la valeur du "
"point de code."

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:161
msgid ""
"If the code point is 128 or greater, the Unicode string can't be represented "
"in this encoding.  (Python raises a :exc:`UnicodeEncodeError` exception in "
"this case.)"
msgstr ""
"Si le point de code est égal à 128 ou plus, la chaîne Unicode ne peut pas "
"être représentée dans ce codage (Python déclenche une exception :exc:"
"`UnicodeEncodeError` dans ce cas)."

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:165
msgid ""
"Latin-1, also known as ISO-8859-1, is a similar encoding.  Unicode code "
"points 0-255 are identical to the Latin-1 values, so converting to this "
"encoding simply requires converting code points to byte values; if a code "
"point larger than 255 is encountered, the string can't be encoded into "
"Latin-1."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:170
msgid ""
"Encodings don't have to be simple one-to-one mappings like Latin-1.  "
"Consider IBM's EBCDIC, which was used on IBM mainframes.  Letter values "
"weren't in one block: 'a' through 'i' had values from 129 to 137, but 'j' "
"through 'r' were 145 through 153.  If you wanted to use EBCDIC as an "
"encoding, you'd probably use some sort of lookup table to perform the "
"conversion, but this is largely an internal detail."
msgstr ""
"Les encodages ne doivent pas nécessairement être de simples mappages un à "
"un, comme Latin-1. Prenons l’exemple du code EBCDIC d’IBM, utilisé sur les "
"ordinateurs centraux IBM. Les valeurs de lettre ne faisaient pas partie d’un "
"bloc: les lettres « a » à « i » étaient comprises entre 129 et 137, mais les "
"lettres « j » à « r » étaient comprises entre 145 et 153. Si vous vouliez "
"utiliser EBCDIC comme encodage, vous auriez probablement utilisé une sorte "
"de table de correspondance pour effectuer la conversion, mais il s’agit en "
"surtout d’un détail d'implémentation."

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:177
msgid ""
"UTF-8 is one of the most commonly used encodings.  UTF stands for \"Unicode "
"Transformation Format\", and the '8' means that 8-bit numbers are used in "
"the encoding.  (There's also a UTF-16 encoding, but it's less frequently "
"used than UTF-8.)  UTF-8 uses the following rules:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:182
msgid ""
"If the code point is <128, it's represented by the corresponding byte value."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:183
msgid ""
"If the code point is between 128 and 0x7ff, it's turned into two byte values "
"between 128 and 255."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:185
msgid ""
"Code points >0x7ff are turned into three- or four-byte sequences, where each "
"byte of the sequence is between 128 and 255."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:188
msgid "UTF-8 has several convenient properties:"
msgstr "UTF-8 a plusieurs propriétés intéressantes :"

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:190
msgid "It can handle any Unicode code point."
msgstr "Il peut gérer n'importe quel point de code Unicode."

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:191
msgid ""
"A Unicode string is turned into a string of bytes containing no embedded "
"zero bytes.  This avoids byte-ordering issues, and means UTF-8 strings can "
"be processed by C functions such as ``strcpy()`` and sent through protocols "
"that can't handle zero bytes."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:195
msgid "A string of ASCII text is also valid UTF-8 text."
msgstr "Une chaîne de texte ASCII est également un texte UTF-8 valide."

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:196
msgid ""
"UTF-8 is fairly compact; the majority of code points are turned into two "
"bytes, and values less than 128 occupy only a single byte."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:198
msgid ""
"If bytes are corrupted or lost, it's possible to determine the start of the "
"next UTF-8-encoded code point and resynchronize.  It's also unlikely that "
"random 8-bit data will look like valid UTF-8."
msgstr ""
"Si des octets sont corrompus ou perdus, il est possible de déterminer le "
"début du prochain point de code encodé en UTF-8 et de se resynchroniser. Il "
"est également improbable que des données 8-bits aléatoires ressemblent à du "
"UTF-8 valide."

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:205 ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:492
#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:688
msgid "References"
msgstr "Références"

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:207
msgid ""
"The Unicode Consortium site at <http://www.unicode.org> has character "
"charts, a glossary, and PDF versions of the Unicode specification.  Be "
"prepared for some difficult reading.  <http://www.unicode.org/history/> is a "
"chronology of the origin and development of Unicode."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:212
msgid ""
"To help understand the standard, Jukka Korpela has written an introductory "
"guide to reading the Unicode character tables, available at <https://www.cs."
"tut.fi/~jkorpela/unicode/guide.html>."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:216
msgid ""
"Another good introductory article was written by Joel Spolsky <http://www."
"joelonsoftware.com/articles/Unicode.html>. If this introduction didn't make "
"things clear to you, you should try reading this alternate article before "
"continuing."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:223
msgid ""
"Wikipedia entries are often helpful; see the entries for \"character encoding"
"\" <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding> and UTF-8 <http://en."
"wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8>, for example."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:229
msgid "Python 2.x's Unicode Support"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:231
msgid ""
"Now that you've learned the rudiments of Unicode, we can look at Python's "
"Unicode features."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:236
msgid "The Unicode Type"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:238
msgid ""
"Unicode strings are expressed as instances of the :class:`unicode` type, one "
"of Python's repertoire of built-in types.  It derives from an abstract type "
"called :class:`basestring`, which is also an ancestor of the :class:`str` "
"type; you can therefore check if a value is a string type with "
"``isinstance(value, basestring)``.  Under the hood, Python represents "
"Unicode strings as either 16- or 32-bit integers, depending on how the "
"Python interpreter was compiled."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:245
msgid ""
"The :func:`unicode` constructor has the signature ``unicode(string[, "
"encoding, errors])``.  All of its arguments should be 8-bit strings.  The "
"first argument is converted to Unicode using the specified encoding; if you "
"leave off the ``encoding`` argument, the ASCII encoding is used for the "
"conversion, so characters greater than 127 will be treated as errors::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:262
msgid ""
"The ``errors`` argument specifies the response when the input string can't "
"be converted according to the encoding's rules.  Legal values for this "
"argument are 'strict' (raise a ``UnicodeDecodeError`` exception), "
"'replace' (add U+FFFD, 'REPLACEMENT CHARACTER'), or 'ignore' (just leave the "
"character out of the Unicode result).  The following examples show the "
"differences::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:278
msgid ""
"Encodings are specified as strings containing the encoding's name.  Python "
"2.7 comes with roughly 100 different encodings; see the Python Library "
"Reference at :ref:`standard-encodings` for a list.  Some encodings have "
"multiple names; for example, 'latin-1', 'iso_8859_1' and '8859' are all "
"synonyms for the same encoding."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:284
msgid ""
"One-character Unicode strings can also be created with the :func:`unichr` "
"built-in function, which takes integers and returns a Unicode string of "
"length 1 that contains the corresponding code point.  The reverse operation "
"is the built-in :func:`ord` function that takes a one-character Unicode "
"string and returns the code point value::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:295
msgid ""
"Instances of the :class:`unicode` type have many of the same methods as the "
"8-bit string type for operations such as searching and formatting::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:310
msgid ""
"Note that the arguments to these methods can be Unicode strings or 8-bit "
"strings.  8-bit strings will be converted to Unicode before carrying out the "
"operation; Python's default ASCII encoding will be used, so characters "
"greater than 127 will cause an exception::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:323
msgid ""
"Much Python code that operates on strings will therefore work with Unicode "
"strings without requiring any changes to the code.  (Input and output code "
"needs more updating for Unicode; more on this later.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:327
msgid ""
"Another important method is ``.encode([encoding], [errors='strict'])``, "
"which returns an 8-bit string version of the Unicode string, encoded in the "
"requested encoding.  The ``errors`` parameter is the same as the parameter "
"of the ``unicode()`` constructor, with one additional possibility; as well "
"as 'strict', 'ignore', and 'replace', you can also pass 'xmlcharrefreplace' "
"which uses XML's character references.  The following example shows the "
"different results::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:349
msgid ""
"Python's 8-bit strings have a ``.decode([encoding], [errors])`` method that "
"interprets the string using the given encoding::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:360
msgid ""
"The low-level routines for registering and accessing the available encodings "
"are found in the :mod:`codecs` module.  However, the encoding and decoding "
"functions returned by this module are usually more low-level than is "
"comfortable, so I'm not going to describe the :mod:`codecs` module here.  If "
"you need to implement a completely new encoding, you'll need to learn about "
"the :mod:`codecs` module interfaces, but implementing encodings is a "
"specialized task that also won't be covered here.  Consult the Python "
"documentation to learn more about this module."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:368
msgid ""
"The most commonly used part of the :mod:`codecs` module is the :func:`codecs."
"open` function which will be discussed in the section on input and output."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:374
msgid "Unicode Literals in Python Source Code"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:376
msgid ""
"In Python source code, Unicode literals are written as strings prefixed with "
"the 'u' or 'U' character: ``u'abcdefghijk'``.  Specific code points can be "
"written using the ``\\u`` escape sequence, which is followed by four hex "
"digits giving the code point.  The ``\\U`` escape sequence is similar, but "
"expects 8 hex digits, not 4."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:382
msgid ""
"Unicode literals can also use the same escape sequences as 8-bit strings, "
"including ``\\x``, but ``\\x`` only takes two hex digits so it can't express "
"an arbitrary code point.  Octal escapes can go up to U+01ff, which is octal "
"777."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:396
msgid ""
"Using escape sequences for code points greater than 127 is fine in small "
"doses, but becomes an annoyance if you're using many accented characters, as "
"you would in a program with messages in French or some other accent-using "
"language.  You can also assemble strings using the :func:`unichr` built-in "
"function, but this is even more tedious."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:402
msgid ""
"Ideally, you'd want to be able to write literals in your language's natural "
"encoding.  You could then edit Python source code with your favorite editor "
"which would display the accented characters naturally, and have the right "
"characters used at runtime."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:407
msgid ""
"Python supports writing Unicode literals in any encoding, but you have to "
"declare the encoding being used.  This is done by including a special "
"comment as either the first or second line of the source file::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:417
msgid ""
"The syntax is inspired by Emacs's notation for specifying variables local to "
"a file.  Emacs supports many different variables, but Python only supports "
"'coding'.  The ``-*-`` symbols indicate to Emacs that the comment is "
"special; they have no significance to Python but are a convention.  Python "
"looks for ``coding: name`` or ``coding=name`` in the comment."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:423
msgid ""
"If you don't include such a comment, the default encoding used will be "
"ASCII. Versions of Python before 2.4 were Euro-centric and assumed Latin-1 "
"as a default encoding for string literals; in Python 2.4, characters greater "
"than 127 still work but result in a warning.  For example, the following "
"program has no encoding declaration::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:433
msgid "When you run it with Python 2.4, it will output the following warning::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:440
msgid "Python 2.5 and higher are stricter and will produce a syntax error::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:450
msgid "Unicode Properties"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:452
msgid ""
"The Unicode specification includes a database of information about code "
"points. For each code point that's defined, the information includes the "
"character's name, its category, the numeric value if applicable (Unicode has "
"characters representing the Roman numerals and fractions such as one-third "
"and four-fifths).  There are also properties related to the code point's use "
"in bidirectional text and other display-related properties."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:459
msgid ""
"The following program displays some information about several characters, "
"and prints the numeric value of one particular character::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:473
msgid "When run, this prints::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:482
msgid ""
"The category codes are abbreviations describing the nature of the character. "
"These are grouped into categories such as \"Letter\", \"Number\", "
"\"Punctuation\", or \"Symbol\", which in turn are broken up into "
"subcategories.  To take the codes from the above output, ``'Ll'`` means "
"'Letter, lowercase', ``'No'`` means \"Number, other\", ``'Mn'`` is \"Mark, "
"nonspacing\", and ``'So'`` is \"Symbol, other\".  See <http://www.unicode."
"org/reports/tr44/#General_Category_Values> for a list of category codes."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:494
msgid ""
"The Unicode and 8-bit string types are described in the Python library "
"reference at :ref:`typesseq`."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:497
msgid "The documentation for the :mod:`unicodedata` module."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:499
msgid "The documentation for the :mod:`codecs` module."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:501
msgid ""
"Marc-André Lemburg gave a presentation at EuroPython 2002 titled \"Python "
"and Unicode\".  A PDF version of his slides is available at <https://"
"downloads.egenix.com/python/Unicode-EPC2002-Talk.pdf>, and is an excellent "
"overview of the design of Python's Unicode features."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:508
msgid "Reading and Writing Unicode Data"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:510
msgid ""
"Once you've written some code that works with Unicode data, the next problem "
"is input/output.  How do you get Unicode strings into your program, and how "
"do you convert Unicode into a form suitable for storage or transmission?"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:514
msgid ""
"It's possible that you may not need to do anything depending on your input "
"sources and output destinations; you should check whether the libraries used "
"in your application support Unicode natively.  XML parsers often return "
"Unicode data, for example.  Many relational databases also support Unicode-"
"valued columns and can return Unicode values from an SQL query."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:520
msgid ""
"Unicode data is usually converted to a particular encoding before it gets "
"written to disk or sent over a socket.  It's possible to do all the work "
"yourself: open a file, read an 8-bit string from it, and convert the string "
"with ``unicode(str, encoding)``.  However, the manual approach is not "
"recommended."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:525
msgid ""
"One problem is the multi-byte nature of encodings; one Unicode character can "
"be represented by several bytes.  If you want to read the file in arbitrary-"
"sized chunks (say, 1K or 4K), you need to write error-handling code to catch "
"the case where only part of the bytes encoding a single Unicode character "
"are read at the end of a chunk.  One solution would be to read the entire "
"file into memory and then perform the decoding, but that prevents you from "
"working with files that are extremely large; if you need to read a 2Gb file, "
"you need 2Gb of RAM. (More, really, since for at least a moment you'd need "
"to have both the encoded string and its Unicode version in memory.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:535
msgid ""
"The solution would be to use the low-level decoding interface to catch the "
"case of partial coding sequences.  The work of implementing this has already "
"been done for you: the :mod:`codecs` module includes a version of the :func:"
"`open` function that returns a file-like object that assumes the file's "
"contents are in a specified encoding and accepts Unicode parameters for "
"methods such as ``.read()`` and ``.write()``."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:542
msgid ""
"The function's parameters are ``open(filename, mode='rb', encoding=None, "
"errors='strict', buffering=1)``.  ``mode`` can be ``'r'``, ``'w'``, or "
"``'a'``, just like the corresponding parameter to the regular built-in "
"``open()`` function; add a ``'+'`` to update the file.  ``buffering`` is "
"similarly parallel to the standard function's parameter.  ``encoding`` is a "
"string giving the encoding to use; if it's left as ``None``, a regular "
"Python file object that accepts 8-bit strings is returned.  Otherwise, a "
"wrapper object is returned, and data written to or read from the wrapper "
"object will be converted as needed. ``errors`` specifies the action for "
"encoding errors and can be one of the usual values of 'strict', 'ignore', "
"and 'replace'."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:553
msgid "Reading Unicode from a file is therefore simple::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:560
msgid ""
"It's also possible to open files in update mode, allowing both reading and "
"writing::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:569
msgid ""
"Unicode character U+FEFF is used as a byte-order mark (BOM), and is often "
"written as the first character of a file in order to assist with "
"autodetection of the file's byte ordering.  Some encodings, such as UTF-16, "
"expect a BOM to be present at the start of a file; when such an encoding is "
"used, the BOM will be automatically written as the first character and will "
"be silently dropped when the file is read.  There are variants of these "
"encodings, such as 'utf-16-le' and 'utf-16-be' for little-endian and big-"
"endian encodings, that specify one particular byte ordering and don't skip "
"the BOM."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:580
msgid "Unicode filenames"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:582
msgid ""
"Most of the operating systems in common use today support filenames that "
"contain arbitrary Unicode characters.  Usually this is implemented by "
"converting the Unicode string into some encoding that varies depending on "
"the system.  For example, Mac OS X uses UTF-8 while Windows uses a "
"configurable encoding; on Windows, Python uses the name \"mbcs\" to refer to "
"whatever the currently configured encoding is.  On Unix systems, there will "
"only be a filesystem encoding if you've set the ``LANG`` or ``LC_CTYPE`` "
"environment variables; if you haven't, the default encoding is ASCII."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:591
msgid ""
"The :func:`sys.getfilesystemencoding` function returns the encoding to use "
"on your current system, in case you want to do the encoding manually, but "
"there's not much reason to bother.  When opening a file for reading or "
"writing, you can usually just provide the Unicode string as the filename, "
"and it will be automatically converted to the right encoding for you::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:602
msgid ""
"Functions in the :mod:`os` module such as :func:`os.stat` will also accept "
"Unicode filenames."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:605
msgid ""
":func:`os.listdir`, which returns filenames, raises an issue: should it "
"return the Unicode version of filenames, or should it return 8-bit strings "
"containing the encoded versions?  :func:`os.listdir` will do both, depending "
"on whether you provided the directory path as an 8-bit string or a Unicode "
"string.  If you pass a Unicode string as the path, filenames will be decoded "
"using the filesystem's encoding and a list of Unicode strings will be "
"returned, while passing an 8-bit path will return the 8-bit versions of the "
"filenames.  For example, assuming the default filesystem encoding is UTF-8, "
"running the following program::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:622
msgid "will produce the following output:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:630
msgid ""
"The first list contains UTF-8-encoded filenames, and the second list "
"contains the Unicode versions."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:636
msgid "Tips for Writing Unicode-aware Programs"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:638
msgid ""
"This section provides some suggestions on writing software that deals with "
"Unicode."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:641
msgid "The most important tip is:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:643
msgid ""
"Software should only work with Unicode strings internally, converting to a "
"particular encoding on output."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:646
msgid ""
"If you attempt to write processing functions that accept both Unicode and 8-"
"bit strings, you will find your program vulnerable to bugs wherever you "
"combine the two different kinds of strings.  Python's default encoding is "
"ASCII, so whenever a character with an ASCII value > 127 is in the input "
"data, you'll get a :exc:`UnicodeDecodeError` because that character can't be "
"handled by the ASCII encoding."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:653
msgid ""
"It's easy to miss such problems if you only test your software with data "
"that doesn't contain any accents; everything will seem to work, but there's "
"actually a bug in your program waiting for the first user who attempts to "
"use characters > 127.  A second tip, therefore, is:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:658
msgid ""
"Include characters > 127 and, even better, characters > 255 in your test "
"data."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:661
msgid ""
"When using data coming from a web browser or some other untrusted source, a "
"common technique is to check for illegal characters in a string before using "
"the string in a generated command line or storing it in a database.  If "
"you're doing this, be careful to check the string once it's in the form that "
"will be used or stored; it's possible for encodings to be used to disguise "
"characters.  This is especially true if the input data also specifies the "
"encoding; many encodings leave the commonly checked-for characters alone, "
"but Python includes some encodings such as ``'base64'`` that modify every "
"single character."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:670
msgid ""
"For example, let's say you have a content management system that takes a "
"Unicode filename, and you want to disallow paths with a '/' character.  You "
"might write this code::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:681
msgid ""
"However, if an attacker could specify the ``'base64'`` encoding, they could "
"pass ``'L2V0Yy9wYXNzd2Q='``, which is the base-64 encoded form of the string "
"``'/etc/passwd'``, to read a system file.  The above code looks for ``'/'`` "
"characters in the encoded form and misses the dangerous character in the "
"resulting decoded form."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:690
msgid ""
"The PDF slides for Marc-André Lemburg's presentation \"Writing Unicode-aware "
"Applications in Python\" are available at <https://downloads.egenix.com/"
"python/LSM2005-Developing-Unicode-aware-applications-in-Python.pdf> and "
"discuss questions of character encodings as well as how to internationalize "
"and localize an application."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:698
msgid "Revision History and Acknowledgements"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:700
msgid ""
"Thanks to the following people who have noted errors or offered suggestions "
"on this article: Nicholas Bastin, Marius Gedminas, Kent Johnson, Ken "
"Krugler, Marc-André Lemburg, Martin von Löwis, Chad Whitacre."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:704
msgid "Version 1.0: posted August 5 2005."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:706
msgid ""
"Version 1.01: posted August 7 2005.  Corrects factual and markup errors; "
"adds several links."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:709
msgid "Version 1.02: posted August 16 2005.  Corrects factual errors."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/unicode.rst:711
msgid ""
"Version 1.03: posted June 20 2010.  Notes that Python 3.x is not covered, "
"and that the HOWTO only covers 2.x."
msgstr ""