python-docs-fr/library/ctypes.po

# Copyright (C) 2001-2018, Python Software Foundation
# For licence information, see README file.
#
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msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Python 3.6\n"
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"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-11-15 18:54+0100\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2018-07-29 19:07+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: FRENCH <traductions@lists.afpy.org>\n"
"Language: fr\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
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"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2
msgid ":mod:`ctypes` --- A foreign function library for Python"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:11
msgid ""
":mod:`ctypes` is a foreign function library for Python.  It provides C "
"compatible data types, and allows calling functions in DLLs or shared "
"libraries.  It can be used to wrap these libraries in pure Python."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:19
msgid "ctypes tutorial"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:21
msgid ""
"Note: The code samples in this tutorial use :mod:`doctest` to make sure that "
"they actually work.  Since some code samples behave differently under Linux, "
"Windows, or Mac OS X, they contain doctest directives in comments."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:25
msgid ""
"Note: Some code samples reference the ctypes :class:`c_int` type.  On "
"platforms where ``sizeof(long) == sizeof(int)`` it is an alias to :class:"
"`c_long`. So, you should not be confused if :class:`c_long` is printed if "
"you would expect :class:`c_int` --- they are actually the same type."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:33
msgid "Loading dynamic link libraries"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:35
msgid ""
":mod:`ctypes` exports the *cdll*, and on Windows *windll* and *oledll* "
"objects, for loading dynamic link libraries."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:38
msgid ""
"You load libraries by accessing them as attributes of these objects. *cdll* "
"loads libraries which export functions using the standard ``cdecl`` calling "
"convention, while *windll* libraries call functions using the ``stdcall`` "
"calling convention. *oledll* also uses the ``stdcall`` calling convention, "
"and assumes the functions return a Windows :c:type:`HRESULT` error code. The "
"error code is used to automatically raise an :class:`OSError` exception when "
"the function call fails."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:46
msgid ""
"Windows errors used to raise :exc:`WindowsError`, which is now an alias of :"
"exc:`OSError`."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:51
msgid ""
"Here are some examples for Windows. Note that ``msvcrt`` is the MS standard "
"C library containing most standard C functions, and uses the cdecl calling "
"convention::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:63
msgid "Windows appends the usual ``.dll`` file suffix automatically."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:66
msgid ""
"Accessing the standard C library through ``cdll.msvcrt`` will use an "
"outdated version of the library that may be incompatible with the one being "
"used by Python. Where possible, use native Python functionality, or else "
"import and use the ``msvcrt`` module."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:71
msgid ""
"On Linux, it is required to specify the filename *including* the extension "
"to load a library, so attribute access can not be used to load libraries. "
"Either the :meth:`LoadLibrary` method of the dll loaders should be used, or "
"you should load the library by creating an instance of CDLL by calling the "
"constructor::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:89
msgid "Accessing functions from loaded dlls"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:91
msgid "Functions are accessed as attributes of dll objects::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:106
msgid ""
"Note that win32 system dlls like ``kernel32`` and ``user32`` often export "
"ANSI as well as UNICODE versions of a function. The UNICODE version is "
"exported with an ``W`` appended to the name, while the ANSI version is "
"exported with an ``A`` appended to the name. The win32 ``GetModuleHandle`` "
"function, which returns a *module handle* for a given module name, has the "
"following C prototype, and a macro is used to expose one of them as "
"``GetModuleHandle`` depending on whether UNICODE is defined or not::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:119
msgid ""
"*windll* does not try to select one of them by magic, you must access the "
"version you need by specifying ``GetModuleHandleA`` or ``GetModuleHandleW`` "
"explicitly, and then call it with bytes or string objects respectively."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:123
msgid ""
"Sometimes, dlls export functions with names which aren't valid Python "
"identifiers, like ``\"??2@YAPAXI@Z\"``. In this case you have to use :func:"
"`getattr` to retrieve the function::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:131
msgid ""
"On Windows, some dlls export functions not by name but by ordinal. These "
"functions can be accessed by indexing the dll object with the ordinal "
"number::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:148
msgid "Calling functions"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:150
msgid ""
"You can call these functions like any other Python callable. This example "
"uses the ``time()`` function, which returns system time in seconds since the "
"Unix epoch, and the ``GetModuleHandleA()`` function, which returns a win32 "
"module handle."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:155
msgid ""
"This example calls both functions with a ``NULL`` pointer (``None`` should "
"be used as the ``NULL`` pointer)::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:166
msgid ""
":mod:`ctypes` may raise a :exc:`ValueError` after calling the function, if "
"it detects that an invalid number of arguments were passed.  This behavior "
"should not be relied upon.  It is deprecated in 3.6.2, and will be removed "
"in 3.7."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:171
msgid ""
":exc:`ValueError` is raised when you call an ``stdcall`` function with the "
"``cdecl`` calling convention, or vice versa::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:186
msgid ""
"To find out the correct calling convention you have to look into the C "
"header file or the documentation for the function you want to call."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:189
msgid ""
"On Windows, :mod:`ctypes` uses win32 structured exception handling to "
"prevent crashes from general protection faults when functions are called "
"with invalid argument values::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:199
msgid ""
"There are, however, enough ways to crash Python with :mod:`ctypes`, so you "
"should be careful anyway.  The :mod:`faulthandler` module can be helpful in "
"debugging crashes (e.g. from segmentation faults produced by erroneous C "
"library calls)."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:204
msgid ""
"``None``, integers, bytes objects and (unicode) strings are the only native "
"Python objects that can directly be used as parameters in these function "
"calls. ``None`` is passed as a C ``NULL`` pointer, bytes objects and strings "
"are passed as pointer to the memory block that contains their data (:c:type:"
"`char *` or :c:type:`wchar_t *`).  Python integers are passed as the "
"platforms default C :c:type:`int` type, their value is masked to fit into "
"the C type."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:211
msgid ""
"Before we move on calling functions with other parameter types, we have to "
"learn more about :mod:`ctypes` data types."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:218 ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2099
msgid "Fundamental data types"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:220
msgid ":mod:`ctypes` defines a number of primitive C compatible data types:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:223
msgid "ctypes type"
msgstr "Type *ctype*"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:223
msgid "C type"
msgstr "Type C"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:223
msgid "Python type"
msgstr "Type Python"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:225
msgid ":class:`c_bool`"
msgstr ":class:`c_bool`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:225
msgid ":c:type:`_Bool`"
msgstr ":c:type:`_Bool`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:225
msgid "bool (1)"
msgstr "bool (1)"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:227
msgid ":class:`c_char`"
msgstr ":class:`c_char`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:227 ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:231
msgid ":c:type:`char`"
msgstr ":c:type:`char`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:227
msgid "1-character bytes object"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:229
msgid ":class:`c_wchar`"
msgstr ":class:`c_wchar`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:229
msgid ":c:type:`wchar_t`"
msgstr ":c:type:`wchar_t`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:229
msgid "1-character string"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:231
msgid ":class:`c_byte`"
msgstr ":class:`c_byte`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:231 ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:233
#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:235 ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:237
#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:239 ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:241
#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:243 ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:245
#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:247 ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:249
#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:252 ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:254
msgid "int"
msgstr "*int*"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:233
msgid ":class:`c_ubyte`"
msgstr ":class:`c_ubyte`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:233
msgid ":c:type:`unsigned char`"
msgstr ":c:type:`unsigned char`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:235
msgid ":class:`c_short`"
msgstr ":class:`c_short`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:235
msgid ":c:type:`short`"
msgstr ":c:type:`short`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:237
msgid ":class:`c_ushort`"
msgstr ":class:`c_ushort`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:237
msgid ":c:type:`unsigned short`"
msgstr ":c:type:`unsigned short`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:239
msgid ":class:`c_int`"
msgstr ":class:`c_int`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:239
msgid ":c:type:`int`"
msgstr ":c:type:`int`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:241
msgid ":class:`c_uint`"
msgstr ":class:`c_uint`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:241
msgid ":c:type:`unsigned int`"
msgstr ":c:type:`unsigned int`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:243
msgid ":class:`c_long`"
msgstr ":class:`c_long`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:243
msgid ":c:type:`long`"
msgstr ":c:type:`long`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:245
msgid ":class:`c_ulong`"
msgstr ":class:`c_ulong`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:245
msgid ":c:type:`unsigned long`"
msgstr ":c:type:`unsigned long`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:247
msgid ":class:`c_longlong`"
msgstr ":class:`c_longlong`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:247
msgid ":c:type:`__int64` or :c:type:`long long`"
msgstr ":c:type:`__int64` ou :c:type:`long long`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:249
msgid ":class:`c_ulonglong`"
msgstr ":class:`c_ulonglong`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:249
msgid ":c:type:`unsigned __int64` or :c:type:`unsigned long long`"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:252
msgid ":class:`c_size_t`"
msgstr ":class:`c_size_t`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:252
msgid ":c:type:`size_t`"
msgstr ":c:type:`size_t`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:254
msgid ":class:`c_ssize_t`"
msgstr ":class:`c_ssize_t`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:254
msgid ":c:type:`ssize_t` or :c:type:`Py_ssize_t`"
msgstr ":c:type:`ssize_t` ou :c:type:`Py_ssize_t`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:257
msgid ":class:`c_float`"
msgstr ":class:`c_float`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:257
msgid ":c:type:`float`"
msgstr ":c:type:`float`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:257 ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:259
#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:261
msgid "float"
msgstr "*float*"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:259
msgid ":class:`c_double`"
msgstr ":class:`c_double`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:259
msgid ":c:type:`double`"
msgstr ":c:type:`double`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:261
msgid ":class:`c_longdouble`"
msgstr ":class:`c_longdouble`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:261
msgid ":c:type:`long double`"
msgstr ":c:type:`long double`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:263
msgid ":class:`c_char_p`"
msgstr ":class:`c_char_p`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:263
msgid ":c:type:`char *` (NUL terminated)"
msgstr ":c:type:`char *` (NUL terminated)"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:263
msgid "bytes object or ``None``"
msgstr "objet *bytes* ou ``None``"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:265
msgid ":class:`c_wchar_p`"
msgstr ":class:`c_wchar_p`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:265
msgid ":c:type:`wchar_t *` (NUL terminated)"
msgstr ":c:type:`wchar_t *` (Terminé par NUL)"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:265
msgid "string or ``None``"
msgstr "string ou ``None``"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:267
msgid ":class:`c_void_p`"
msgstr ":class:`c_void_p`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:267
msgid ":c:type:`void *`"
msgstr ":c:type:`void *`"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:267
msgid "int or ``None``"
msgstr "``int`` ou ``None``"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:271
msgid "The constructor accepts any object with a truth value."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:273
msgid ""
"All these types can be created by calling them with an optional initializer "
"of the correct type and value::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:284
msgid ""
"Since these types are mutable, their value can also be changed afterwards::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:296
msgid ""
"Assigning a new value to instances of the pointer types :class:`c_char_p`, :"
"class:`c_wchar_p`, and :class:`c_void_p` changes the *memory location* they "
"point to, *not the contents* of the memory block (of course not, because "
"Python bytes objects are immutable)::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:316
msgid ""
"You should be careful, however, not to pass them to functions expecting "
"pointers to mutable memory. If you need mutable memory blocks, ctypes has a :"
"func:`create_string_buffer` function which creates these in various ways.  "
"The current memory block contents can be accessed (or changed) with the "
"``raw`` property; if you want to access it as NUL terminated string, use the "
"``value`` property::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:340
msgid ""
"The :func:`create_string_buffer` function replaces the :func:`c_buffer` "
"function (which is still available as an alias), as well as the :func:"
"`c_string` function from earlier ctypes releases.  To create a mutable "
"memory block containing unicode characters of the C type :c:type:`wchar_t` "
"use the :func:`create_unicode_buffer` function."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:350
msgid "Calling functions, continued"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:352
msgid ""
"Note that printf prints to the real standard output channel, *not* to :data:"
"`sys.stdout`, so these examples will only work at the console prompt, not "
"from within *IDLE* or *PythonWin*::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:372
msgid ""
"As has been mentioned before, all Python types except integers, strings, and "
"bytes objects have to be wrapped in their corresponding :mod:`ctypes` type, "
"so that they can be converted to the required C data type::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:385
msgid "Calling functions with your own custom data types"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:387
msgid ""
"You can also customize :mod:`ctypes` argument conversion to allow instances "
"of your own classes be used as function arguments.  :mod:`ctypes` looks for "
"an :attr:`_as_parameter_` attribute and uses this as the function argument.  "
"Of course, it must be one of integer, string, or bytes::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:402
msgid ""
"If you don't want to store the instance's data in the :attr:`_as_parameter_` "
"instance variable, you could define a :class:`property` which makes the "
"attribute available on request."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:410
msgid "Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:412
msgid ""
"It is possible to specify the required argument types of functions exported "
"from DLLs by setting the :attr:`argtypes` attribute."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:415
msgid ""
":attr:`argtypes` must be a sequence of C data types (the ``printf`` function "
"is probably not a good example here, because it takes a variable number and "
"different types of parameters depending on the format string, on the other "
"hand this is quite handy to experiment with this feature)::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:426
msgid ""
"Specifying a format protects against incompatible argument types (just as a "
"prototype for a C function), and tries to convert the arguments to valid "
"types::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:438
msgid ""
"If you have defined your own classes which you pass to function calls, you "
"have to implement a :meth:`from_param` class method for them to be able to "
"use them in the :attr:`argtypes` sequence. The :meth:`from_param` class "
"method receives the Python object passed to the function call, it should do "
"a typecheck or whatever is needed to make sure this object is acceptable, "
"and then return the object itself, its :attr:`_as_parameter_` attribute, or "
"whatever you want to pass as the C function argument in this case. Again, "
"the result should be an integer, string, bytes, a :mod:`ctypes` instance, or "
"an object with an :attr:`_as_parameter_` attribute."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:452
msgid "Return types"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:454
msgid ""
"By default functions are assumed to return the C :c:type:`int` type.  Other "
"return types can be specified by setting the :attr:`restype` attribute of "
"the function object."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:458
msgid ""
"Here is a more advanced example, it uses the ``strchr`` function, which "
"expects a string pointer and a char, and returns a pointer to a string::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:471
msgid ""
"If you want to avoid the ``ord(\"x\")`` calls above, you can set the :attr:"
"`argtypes` attribute, and the second argument will be converted from a "
"single character Python bytes object into a C char::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:489
msgid ""
"You can also use a callable Python object (a function or a class for "
"example) as the :attr:`restype` attribute, if the foreign function returns "
"an integer.  The callable will be called with the *integer* the C function "
"returns, and the result of this call will be used as the result of your "
"function call. This is useful to check for error return values and "
"automatically raise an exception::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:512
msgid ""
"``WinError`` is a function which will call Windows ``FormatMessage()`` api "
"to get the string representation of an error code, and *returns* an "
"exception. ``WinError`` takes an optional error code parameter, if no one is "
"used, it calls :func:`GetLastError` to retrieve it."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:517
msgid ""
"Please note that a much more powerful error checking mechanism is available "
"through the :attr:`errcheck` attribute; see the reference manual for details."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:524
msgid "Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:526
msgid ""
"Sometimes a C api function expects a *pointer* to a data type as parameter, "
"probably to write into the corresponding location, or if the data is too "
"large to be passed by value. This is also known as *passing parameters by "
"reference*."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:530
msgid ""
":mod:`ctypes` exports the :func:`byref` function which is used to pass "
"parameters by reference.  The same effect can be achieved with the :func:"
"`pointer` function, although :func:`pointer` does a lot more work since it "
"constructs a real pointer object, so it is faster to use :func:`byref` if "
"you don't need the pointer object in Python itself::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:552
msgid "Structures and unions"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:554
msgid ""
"Structures and unions must derive from the :class:`Structure` and :class:"
"`Union` base classes which are defined in the :mod:`ctypes` module. Each "
"subclass must define a :attr:`_fields_` attribute.  :attr:`_fields_` must be "
"a list of *2-tuples*, containing a *field name* and a *field type*."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:559
msgid ""
"The field type must be a :mod:`ctypes` type like :class:`c_int`, or any "
"other derived :mod:`ctypes` type: structure, union, array, pointer."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:562
msgid ""
"Here is a simple example of a POINT structure, which contains two integers "
"named *x* and *y*, and also shows how to initialize a structure in the "
"constructor::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:582
msgid ""
"You can, however, build much more complicated structures.  A structure can "
"itself contain other structures by using a structure as a field type."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:585
msgid ""
"Here is a RECT structure which contains two POINTs named *upperleft* and "
"*lowerright*::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:599
msgid ""
"Nested structures can also be initialized in the constructor in several "
"ways::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:604
msgid ""
"Field :term:`descriptor`\\s can be retrieved from the *class*, they are "
"useful for debugging because they can provide useful information::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:618
msgid ""
":mod:`ctypes` does not support passing unions or structures with bit-fields "
"to functions by value.  While this may work on 32-bit x86, it's not "
"guaranteed by the library to work in the general case.  Unions and "
"structures with bit-fields should always be passed to functions by pointer."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:624
msgid "Structure/union alignment and byte order"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:626
msgid ""
"By default, Structure and Union fields are aligned in the same way the C "
"compiler does it. It is possible to override this behavior be specifying a :"
"attr:`_pack_` class attribute in the subclass definition. This must be set "
"to a positive integer and specifies the maximum alignment for the fields. "
"This is what ``#pragma pack(n)`` also does in MSVC."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:632
msgid ""
":mod:`ctypes` uses the native byte order for Structures and Unions.  To "
"build structures with non-native byte order, you can use one of the :class:"
"`BigEndianStructure`, :class:`LittleEndianStructure`, :class:"
"`BigEndianUnion`, and :class:`LittleEndianUnion` base classes.  These "
"classes cannot contain pointer fields."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:642
msgid "Bit fields in structures and unions"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:644
msgid ""
"It is possible to create structures and unions containing bit fields. Bit "
"fields are only possible for integer fields, the bit width is specified as "
"the third item in the :attr:`_fields_` tuples::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:662
msgid "Arrays"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:664
msgid ""
"Arrays are sequences, containing a fixed number of instances of the same "
"type."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:666
msgid ""
"The recommended way to create array types is by multiplying a data type with "
"a positive integer::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:671
msgid ""
"Here is an example of a somewhat artificial data type, a structure "
"containing 4 POINTs among other stuff::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:687
msgid "Instances are created in the usual way, by calling the class::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:693
msgid ""
"The above code print a series of ``0 0`` lines, because the array contents "
"is initialized to zeros."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:696
msgid "Initializers of the correct type can also be specified::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:712
msgid "Pointers"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:714
msgid ""
"Pointer instances are created by calling the :func:`pointer` function on a :"
"mod:`ctypes` type::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:722
msgid ""
"Pointer instances have a :attr:`~_Pointer.contents` attribute which returns "
"the object to which the pointer points, the ``i`` object above::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:729
msgid ""
"Note that :mod:`ctypes` does not have OOR (original object return), it "
"constructs a new, equivalent object each time you retrieve an attribute::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:738
msgid ""
"Assigning another :class:`c_int` instance to the pointer's contents "
"attribute would cause the pointer to point to the memory location where this "
"is stored::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:750
msgid "Pointer instances can also be indexed with integers::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:756
msgid "Assigning to an integer index changes the pointed to value::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:765
msgid ""
"It is also possible to use indexes different from 0, but you must know what "
"you're doing, just as in C: You can access or change arbitrary memory "
"locations. Generally you only use this feature if you receive a pointer from "
"a C function, and you *know* that the pointer actually points to an array "
"instead of a single item."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:771
msgid ""
"Behind the scenes, the :func:`pointer` function does more than simply create "
"pointer instances, it has to create pointer *types* first. This is done with "
"the :func:`POINTER` function, which accepts any :mod:`ctypes` type, and "
"returns a new type::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:787
msgid ""
"Calling the pointer type without an argument creates a ``NULL`` pointer. "
"``NULL`` pointers have a ``False`` boolean value::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:795
msgid ""
":mod:`ctypes` checks for ``NULL`` when dereferencing pointers (but "
"dereferencing invalid non-\\ ``NULL`` pointers would crash Python)::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:814
msgid "Type conversions"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:816
msgid ""
"Usually, ctypes does strict type checking.  This means, if you have "
"``POINTER(c_int)`` in the :attr:`argtypes` list of a function or as the type "
"of a member field in a structure definition, only instances of exactly the "
"same type are accepted.  There are some exceptions to this rule, where "
"ctypes accepts other objects.  For example, you can pass compatible array "
"instances instead of pointer types.  So, for ``POINTER(c_int)``, ctypes "
"accepts an array of c_int::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:837
msgid ""
"In addition, if a function argument is explicitly declared to be a pointer "
"type (such as ``POINTER(c_int)``) in :attr:`argtypes`, an object of the "
"pointed type (``c_int`` in this case) can be passed to the function.  ctypes "
"will apply the required :func:`byref` conversion in this case automatically."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:842
msgid "To set a POINTER type field to ``NULL``, you can assign ``None``::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:849
msgid ""
"Sometimes you have instances of incompatible types.  In C, you can cast one "
"type into another type.  :mod:`ctypes` provides a :func:`cast` function "
"which can be used in the same way.  The ``Bar`` structure defined above "
"accepts ``POINTER(c_int)`` pointers or :class:`c_int` arrays for its "
"``values`` field, but not instances of other types::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:861
msgid "For these cases, the :func:`cast` function is handy."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:863
msgid ""
"The :func:`cast` function can be used to cast a ctypes instance into a "
"pointer to a different ctypes data type.  :func:`cast` takes two parameters, "
"a ctypes object that is or can be converted to a pointer of some kind, and a "
"ctypes pointer type.  It returns an instance of the second argument, which "
"references the same memory block as the first argument::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:874
msgid ""
"So, :func:`cast` can be used to assign to the ``values`` field of ``Bar`` "
"the structure::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:887
msgid "Incomplete Types"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:889
msgid ""
"*Incomplete Types* are structures, unions or arrays whose members are not "
"yet specified. In C, they are specified by forward declarations, which are "
"defined later::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:900
msgid ""
"The straightforward translation into ctypes code would be this, but it does "
"not work::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:913
msgid ""
"because the new ``class cell`` is not available in the class statement "
"itself. In :mod:`ctypes`, we can define the ``cell`` class and set the :attr:"
"`_fields_` attribute later, after the class statement::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:925
msgid ""
"Lets try it. We create two instances of ``cell``, and let them point to each "
"other, and finally follow the pointer chain a few times::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:946
msgid "Callback functions"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:948
msgid ""
":mod:`ctypes` allows creating C callable function pointers from Python "
"callables. These are sometimes called *callback functions*."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:951
msgid ""
"First, you must create a class for the callback function. The class knows "
"the calling convention, the return type, and the number and types of "
"arguments this function will receive."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:955
msgid ""
"The :func:`CFUNCTYPE` factory function creates types for callback functions "
"using the ``cdecl`` calling convention. On Windows, the :func:`WINFUNCTYPE` "
"factory function creates types for callback functions using the ``stdcall`` "
"calling convention."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:960
msgid ""
"Both of these factory functions are called with the result type as first "
"argument, and the callback functions expected argument types as the "
"remaining arguments."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:964
msgid ""
"I will present an example here which uses the standard C library's :c:func:"
"`qsort` function, that is used to sort items with the help of a callback "
"function.  :c:func:`qsort` will be used to sort an array of integers::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:974
msgid ""
":func:`qsort` must be called with a pointer to the data to sort, the number "
"of items in the data array, the size of one item, and a pointer to the "
"comparison function, the callback. The callback will then be called with two "
"pointers to items, and it must return a negative integer if the first item "
"is smaller than the second, a zero if they are equal, and a positive integer "
"otherwise."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:980
msgid ""
"So our callback function receives pointers to integers, and must return an "
"integer. First we create the ``type`` for the callback function::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:986
msgid ""
"To get started, here is a simple callback that shows the values it gets "
"passed::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:996
msgid "The result::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1006
msgid "Now we can actually compare the two items and return a useful result::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1021
msgid "As we can easily check, our array is sorted now::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1028
msgid ""
"The function factories can be used as decorator factories, so we may as well "
"write::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1046
msgid ""
"Make sure you keep references to :func:`CFUNCTYPE` objects as long as they "
"are used from C code. :mod:`ctypes` doesn't, and if you don't, they may be "
"garbage collected, crashing your program when a callback is made."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1050
msgid ""
"Also, note that if the callback function is called in a thread created "
"outside of Python's control (e.g. by the foreign code that calls the "
"callback), ctypes creates a new dummy Python thread on every invocation. "
"This behavior is correct for most purposes, but it means that values stored "
"with :class:`threading.local` will *not* survive across different callbacks, "
"even when those calls are made from the same C thread."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1060
msgid "Accessing values exported from dlls"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1062
msgid ""
"Some shared libraries not only export functions, they also export variables. "
"An example in the Python library itself is the :c:data:`Py_OptimizeFlag`, an "
"integer set to 0, 1, or 2, depending on the :option:`-O` or :option:`-OO` "
"flag given on startup."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1067
msgid ""
":mod:`ctypes` can access values like this with the :meth:`in_dll` class "
"methods of the type.  *pythonapi* is a predefined symbol giving access to "
"the Python C api::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1076
msgid ""
"If the interpreter would have been started with :option:`-O`, the sample "
"would have printed ``c_long(1)``, or ``c_long(2)`` if :option:`-OO` would "
"have been specified."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1080
msgid ""
"An extended example which also demonstrates the use of pointers accesses "
"the :c:data:`PyImport_FrozenModules` pointer exported by Python."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1083
msgid "Quoting the docs for that value:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1085
msgid ""
"This pointer is initialized to point to an array of :c:type:`struct _frozen` "
"records, terminated by one whose members are all ``NULL`` or zero.  When a "
"frozen module is imported, it is searched in this table.  Third-party code "
"could play tricks with this to provide a dynamically created collection of "
"frozen modules."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1090
msgid ""
"So manipulating this pointer could even prove useful. To restrict the "
"example size, we show only how this table can be read with :mod:`ctypes`::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1102
msgid ""
"We have defined the :c:type:`struct _frozen` data type, so we can get the "
"pointer to the table::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1109
msgid ""
"Since ``table`` is a ``pointer`` to the array of ``struct_frozen`` records, "
"we can iterate over it, but we just have to make sure that our loop "
"terminates, because pointers have no size. Sooner or later it would probably "
"crash with an access violation or whatever, so it's better to break out of "
"the loop when we hit the ``NULL`` entry::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1127
msgid ""
"The fact that standard Python has a frozen module and a frozen package "
"(indicated by the negative size member) is not well known, it is only used "
"for testing. Try it out with ``import __hello__`` for example."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1135
msgid "Surprises"
msgstr "Surprises"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1137
msgid ""
"There are some edges in :mod:`ctypes` where you might expect something other "
"than what actually happens."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1140
msgid "Consider the following example::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1160
msgid ""
"Hm. We certainly expected the last statement to print ``3 4 1 2``. What "
"happened? Here are the steps of the ``rc.a, rc.b = rc.b, rc.a`` line above::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1168
msgid ""
"Note that ``temp0`` and ``temp1`` are objects still using the internal "
"buffer of the ``rc`` object above. So executing ``rc.a = temp0`` copies the "
"buffer contents of ``temp0`` into ``rc`` 's buffer.  This, in turn, changes "
"the contents of ``temp1``. So, the last assignment ``rc.b = temp1``, doesn't "
"have the expected effect."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1174
msgid ""
"Keep in mind that retrieving sub-objects from Structure, Unions, and Arrays "
"doesn't *copy* the sub-object, instead it retrieves a wrapper object "
"accessing the root-object's underlying buffer."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1178
msgid ""
"Another example that may behave differently from what one would expect is "
"this::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1190
msgid ""
"Objects instantiated from :class:`c_char_p` can only have their value set to "
"bytes or integers."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1193
msgid ""
"Why is it printing ``False``?  ctypes instances are objects containing a "
"memory block plus some :term:`descriptor`\\s accessing the contents of the "
"memory. Storing a Python object in the memory block does not store the "
"object itself, instead the ``contents`` of the object is stored.  Accessing "
"the contents again constructs a new Python object each time!"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1203
msgid "Variable-sized data types"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1205
msgid ""
":mod:`ctypes` provides some support for variable-sized arrays and structures."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1207
msgid ""
"The :func:`resize` function can be used to resize the memory buffer of an "
"existing ctypes object.  The function takes the object as first argument, "
"and the requested size in bytes as the second argument.  The memory block "
"cannot be made smaller than the natural memory block specified by the "
"objects type, a :exc:`ValueError` is raised if this is tried::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1227
msgid ""
"This is nice and fine, but how would one access the additional elements "
"contained in this array?  Since the type still only knows about 4 elements, "
"we get errors accessing other elements::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1239
msgid ""
"Another way to use variable-sized data types with :mod:`ctypes` is to use "
"the dynamic nature of Python, and (re-)define the data type after the "
"required size is already known, on a case by case basis."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1247
msgid "ctypes reference"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1253
msgid "Finding shared libraries"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1255
msgid ""
"When programming in a compiled language, shared libraries are accessed when "
"compiling/linking a program, and when the program is run."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1258
msgid ""
"The purpose of the :func:`find_library` function is to locate a library in a "
"way similar to what the compiler or runtime loader does (on platforms with "
"several versions of a shared library the most recent should be loaded), "
"while the ctypes library loaders act like when a program is run, and call "
"the runtime loader directly."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1264
msgid ""
"The :mod:`ctypes.util` module provides a function which can help to "
"determine the library to load."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1272
msgid ""
"Try to find a library and return a pathname.  *name* is the library name "
"without any prefix like *lib*, suffix like ``.so``, ``.dylib`` or version "
"number (this is the form used for the posix linker option :option:`!-l`).  "
"If no library can be found, returns ``None``."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1277 ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1887
msgid "The exact functionality is system dependent."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1279
msgid ""
"On Linux, :func:`find_library` tries to run external programs (``/sbin/"
"ldconfig``, ``gcc``, ``objdump`` and ``ld``) to find the library file. It "
"returns the filename of the library file."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1283
msgid ""
"On Linux, the value of the environment variable ``LD_LIBRARY_PATH`` is used "
"when searching for libraries, if a library cannot be found by any other "
"means."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1287
msgid "Here are some examples::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1298
msgid ""
"On OS X, :func:`find_library` tries several predefined naming schemes and "
"paths to locate the library, and returns a full pathname if successful::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1312
msgid ""
"On Windows, :func:`find_library` searches along the system search path, and "
"returns the full pathname, but since there is no predefined naming scheme a "
"call like ``find_library(\"c\")`` will fail and return ``None``."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1316
msgid ""
"If wrapping a shared library with :mod:`ctypes`, it *may* be better to "
"determine the shared library name at development time, and hardcode that "
"into the wrapper module instead of using :func:`find_library` to locate the "
"library at runtime."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1324
msgid "Loading shared libraries"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1326
msgid ""
"There are several ways to load shared libraries into the Python process.  "
"One way is to instantiate one of the following classes:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1332
msgid ""
"Instances of this class represent loaded shared libraries. Functions in "
"these libraries use the standard C calling convention, and are assumed to "
"return :c:type:`int`."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1339
msgid ""
"Windows only: Instances of this class represent loaded shared libraries, "
"functions in these libraries use the ``stdcall`` calling convention, and are "
"assumed to return the windows specific :class:`HRESULT` code.  :class:"
"`HRESULT` values contain information specifying whether the function call "
"failed or succeeded, together with additional error code.  If the return "
"value signals a failure, an :class:`OSError` is automatically raised."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1346
msgid ":exc:`WindowsError` used to be raised."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1352
msgid ""
"Windows only: Instances of this class represent loaded shared libraries, "
"functions in these libraries use the ``stdcall`` calling convention, and are "
"assumed to return :c:type:`int` by default."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1356
msgid ""
"On Windows CE only the standard calling convention is used, for convenience "
"the :class:`WinDLL` and :class:`OleDLL` use the standard calling convention "
"on this platform."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1360
msgid ""
"The Python :term:`global interpreter lock` is released before calling any "
"function exported by these libraries, and reacquired afterwards."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1366
msgid ""
"Instances of this class behave like :class:`CDLL` instances, except that the "
"Python GIL is *not* released during the function call, and after the "
"function execution the Python error flag is checked. If the error flag is "
"set, a Python exception is raised."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1371
msgid "Thus, this is only useful to call Python C api functions directly."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1373
msgid ""
"All these classes can be instantiated by calling them with at least one "
"argument, the pathname of the shared library.  If you have an existing "
"handle to an already loaded shared library, it can be passed as the "
"``handle`` named parameter, otherwise the underlying platforms ``dlopen`` or "
"``LoadLibrary`` function is used to load the library into the process, and "
"to get a handle to it."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1380
msgid ""
"The *mode* parameter can be used to specify how the library is loaded.  For "
"details, consult the :manpage:`dlopen(3)` manpage.  On Windows, *mode* is "
"ignored.  On posix systems, RTLD_NOW is always added, and is not "
"configurable."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1385
msgid ""
"The *use_errno* parameter, when set to true, enables a ctypes mechanism that "
"allows accessing the system :data:`errno` error number in a safe way. :mod:"
"`ctypes` maintains a thread-local copy of the systems :data:`errno` "
"variable; if you call foreign functions created with ``use_errno=True`` then "
"the :data:`errno` value before the function call is swapped with the ctypes "
"private copy, the same happens immediately after the function call."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1392
msgid ""
"The function :func:`ctypes.get_errno` returns the value of the ctypes "
"private copy, and the function :func:`ctypes.set_errno` changes the ctypes "
"private copy to a new value and returns the former value."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1396
msgid ""
"The *use_last_error* parameter, when set to true, enables the same mechanism "
"for the Windows error code which is managed by the :func:`GetLastError` and :"
"func:`SetLastError` Windows API functions; :func:`ctypes.get_last_error` "
"and :func:`ctypes.set_last_error` are used to request and change the ctypes "
"private copy of the windows error code."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1402
msgid ""
"The *winmode* parameter is used on Windows to specify how the library is "
"loaded (since *mode* is ignored). It takes any value that is valid for the "
"Win32 API ``LoadLibraryEx`` flags parameter. When omitted, the default is to "
"use the flags that result in the most secure DLL load to avoiding issues "
"such as DLL hijacking. Passing the full path to the DLL is the safest way to "
"ensure the correct library and dependencies are loaded."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1409
msgid "Added *winmode* parameter."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1416
msgid ""
"Flag to use as *mode* parameter.  On platforms where this flag is not "
"available, it is defined as the integer zero."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1423
msgid ""
"Flag to use as *mode* parameter.  On platforms where this is not available, "
"it is the same as *RTLD_GLOBAL*."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1430
msgid ""
"The default mode which is used to load shared libraries.  On OSX 10.3, this "
"is *RTLD_GLOBAL*, otherwise it is the same as *RTLD_LOCAL*."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1433
msgid ""
"Instances of these classes have no public methods.  Functions exported by "
"the shared library can be accessed as attributes or by index.  Please note "
"that accessing the function through an attribute caches the result and "
"therefore accessing it repeatedly returns the same object each time.  On the "
"other hand, accessing it through an index returns a new object each time::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1446
msgid ""
"The following public attributes are available, their name starts with an "
"underscore to not clash with exported function names:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1452
msgid "The system handle used to access the library."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1457
msgid "The name of the library passed in the constructor."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1459
msgid ""
"Shared libraries can also be loaded by using one of the prefabricated "
"objects, which are instances of the :class:`LibraryLoader` class, either by "
"calling the :meth:`LoadLibrary` method, or by retrieving the library as "
"attribute of the loader instance."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1467
msgid ""
"Class which loads shared libraries.  *dlltype* should be one of the :class:"
"`CDLL`, :class:`PyDLL`, :class:`WinDLL`, or :class:`OleDLL` types."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1470
msgid ""
":meth:`__getattr__` has special behavior: It allows loading a shared library "
"by accessing it as attribute of a library loader instance.  The result is "
"cached, so repeated attribute accesses return the same library each time."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1476
msgid ""
"Load a shared library into the process and return it.  This method always "
"returns a new instance of the library."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1480
msgid "These prefabricated library loaders are available:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1485
msgid "Creates :class:`CDLL` instances."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1491
msgid "Windows only: Creates :class:`WinDLL` instances."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1497
msgid "Windows only: Creates :class:`OleDLL` instances."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1503
msgid "Creates :class:`PyDLL` instances."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1506
msgid ""
"For accessing the C Python api directly, a ready-to-use Python shared "
"library object is available:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1512
msgid ""
"An instance of :class:`PyDLL` that exposes Python C API functions as "
"attributes.  Note that all these functions are assumed to return C :c:type:"
"`int`, which is of course not always the truth, so you have to assign the "
"correct :attr:`restype` attribute to use these functions."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:None
msgid ""
"Raises an :ref:`auditing event <auditing>` ``ctypes.dlopen`` with argument "
"``name``."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1519
msgid ""
"Loading a library through any of these objects raises an :ref:`auditing "
"event <auditing>` ``ctypes.dlopen`` with string argument ``name``, the name "
"used to load the library."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:None
msgid ""
"Raises an :ref:`auditing event <auditing>` ``ctypes.dlsym`` with arguments "
"``library``, ``name``."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1525
msgid ""
"Accessing a function on a loaded library raises an auditing event ``ctypes."
"dlsym`` with arguments ``library`` (the library object) and ``name`` (the "
"symbol's name as a string or integer)."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1532
msgid "Foreign functions"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1534
msgid ""
"As explained in the previous section, foreign functions can be accessed as "
"attributes of loaded shared libraries.  The function objects created in this "
"way by default accept any number of arguments, accept any ctypes data "
"instances as arguments, and return the default result type specified by the "
"library loader. They are instances of a private class:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1543
msgid "Base class for C callable foreign functions."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1545
msgid ""
"Instances of foreign functions are also C compatible data types; they "
"represent C function pointers."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1548
msgid ""
"This behavior can be customized by assigning to special attributes of the "
"foreign function object."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1553
msgid ""
"Assign a ctypes type to specify the result type of the foreign function. Use "
"``None`` for :c:type:`void`, a function not returning anything."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1556
msgid ""
"It is possible to assign a callable Python object that is not a ctypes type, "
"in this case the function is assumed to return a C :c:type:`int`, and the "
"callable will be called with this integer, allowing further processing or "
"error checking.  Using this is deprecated, for more flexible post processing "
"or error checking use a ctypes data type as :attr:`restype` and assign a "
"callable to the :attr:`errcheck` attribute."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1565
msgid ""
"Assign a tuple of ctypes types to specify the argument types that the "
"function accepts.  Functions using the ``stdcall`` calling convention can "
"only be called with the same number of arguments as the length of this "
"tuple; functions using the C calling convention accept additional, "
"unspecified arguments as well."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1571
msgid ""
"When a foreign function is called, each actual argument is passed to the :"
"meth:`from_param` class method of the items in the :attr:`argtypes` tuple, "
"this method allows adapting the actual argument to an object that the "
"foreign function accepts.  For example, a :class:`c_char_p` item in the :"
"attr:`argtypes` tuple will convert a string passed as argument into a bytes "
"object using ctypes conversion rules."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1578
msgid ""
"New: It is now possible to put items in argtypes which are not ctypes types, "
"but each item must have a :meth:`from_param` method which returns a value "
"usable as argument (integer, string, ctypes instance).  This allows defining "
"adapters that can adapt custom objects as function parameters."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1585
msgid ""
"Assign a Python function or another callable to this attribute. The callable "
"will be called with three or more arguments:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1592
msgid ""
"*result* is what the foreign function returns, as specified by the :attr:"
"`restype` attribute."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1595
msgid ""
"*func* is the foreign function object itself, this allows reusing the same "
"callable object to check or post process the results of several functions."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1599
msgid ""
"*arguments* is a tuple containing the parameters originally passed to the "
"function call, this allows specializing the behavior on the arguments used."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1603
msgid ""
"The object that this function returns will be returned from the foreign "
"function call, but it can also check the result value and raise an exception "
"if the foreign function call failed."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1610
msgid ""
"This exception is raised when a foreign function call cannot convert one of "
"the passed arguments."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1617
msgid "Function prototypes"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1619
msgid ""
"Foreign functions can also be created by instantiating function prototypes. "
"Function prototypes are similar to function prototypes in C; they describe a "
"function (return type, argument types, calling convention) without defining "
"an implementation.  The factory functions must be called with the desired "
"result type and the argument types of the function, and can be used as "
"decorator factories, and as such, be applied to functions through the "
"``@wrapper`` syntax. See :ref:`ctypes-callback-functions` for examples."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1630
msgid ""
"The returned function prototype creates functions that use the standard C "
"calling convention.  The function will release the GIL during the call.  If "
"*use_errno* is set to true, the ctypes private copy of the system :data:"
"`errno` variable is exchanged with the real :data:`errno` value before and "
"after the call; *use_last_error* does the same for the Windows error code."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1640
msgid ""
"Windows only: The returned function prototype creates functions that use the "
"``stdcall`` calling convention, except on Windows CE where :func:"
"`WINFUNCTYPE` is the same as :func:`CFUNCTYPE`.  The function will release "
"the GIL during the call.  *use_errno* and *use_last_error* have the same "
"meaning as above."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1649
msgid ""
"The returned function prototype creates functions that use the Python "
"calling convention.  The function will *not* release the GIL during the call."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1652
msgid ""
"Function prototypes created by these factory functions can be instantiated "
"in different ways, depending on the type and number of the parameters in the "
"call:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1660
msgid ""
"Returns a foreign function at the specified address which must be an integer."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1667
msgid ""
"Create a C callable function (a callback function) from a Python *callable*."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1674
msgid ""
"Returns a foreign function exported by a shared library. *func_spec* must be "
"a 2-tuple ``(name_or_ordinal, library)``. The first item is the name of the "
"exported function as string, or the ordinal of the exported function as "
"small integer.  The second item is the shared library instance."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1684
msgid ""
"Returns a foreign function that will call a COM method. *vtbl_index* is the "
"index into the virtual function table, a small non-negative integer. *name* "
"is name of the COM method. *iid* is an optional pointer to the interface "
"identifier which is used in extended error reporting."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1689
msgid ""
"COM methods use a special calling convention: They require a pointer to the "
"COM interface as first argument, in addition to those parameters that are "
"specified in the :attr:`argtypes` tuple."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1693
msgid ""
"The optional *paramflags* parameter creates foreign function wrappers with "
"much more functionality than the features described above."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1696
msgid "*paramflags* must be a tuple of the same length as :attr:`argtypes`."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1698
msgid ""
"Each item in this tuple contains further information about a parameter, it "
"must be a tuple containing one, two, or three items."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1701
msgid ""
"The first item is an integer containing a combination of direction flags for "
"the parameter:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1705
msgid "1"
msgstr "1"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1705
msgid "Specifies an input parameter to the function."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1708
msgid "2"
msgstr "2"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1708
msgid "Output parameter.  The foreign function fills in a value."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1711
msgid "4"
msgstr "4"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1711
msgid "Input parameter which defaults to the integer zero."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1713
msgid ""
"The optional second item is the parameter name as string.  If this is "
"specified, the foreign function can be called with named parameters."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1716
msgid "The optional third item is the default value for this parameter."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1718
msgid ""
"This example demonstrates how to wrap the Windows ``MessageBoxW`` function "
"so that it supports default parameters and named arguments. The C "
"declaration from the windows header file is this::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1729 ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1752
msgid "Here is the wrapping with :mod:`ctypes`::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1737
msgid "The ``MessageBox`` foreign function can now be called in these ways::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1743
msgid ""
"A second example demonstrates output parameters.  The win32 "
"``GetWindowRect`` function retrieves the dimensions of a specified window by "
"copying them into ``RECT`` structure that the caller has to supply.  Here is "
"the C declaration::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1761
msgid ""
"Functions with output parameters will automatically return the output "
"parameter value if there is a single one, or a tuple containing the output "
"parameter values when there are more than one, so the GetWindowRect function "
"now returns a RECT instance, when called."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1766
msgid ""
"Output parameters can be combined with the :attr:`errcheck` protocol to do "
"further output processing and error checking.  The win32 ``GetWindowRect`` "
"api function returns a ``BOOL`` to signal success or failure, so this "
"function could do the error checking, and raises an exception when the api "
"call failed::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1779
msgid ""
"If the :attr:`errcheck` function returns the argument tuple it receives "
"unchanged, :mod:`ctypes` continues the normal processing it does on the "
"output parameters.  If you want to return a tuple of window coordinates "
"instead of a ``RECT`` instance, you can retrieve the fields in the function "
"and return them instead, the normal processing will no longer take place::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1798
msgid "Utility functions"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1802
msgid ""
"Returns the address of the memory buffer as integer.  *obj* must be an "
"instance of a ctypes type."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1808
msgid ""
"Returns the alignment requirements of a ctypes type. *obj_or_type* must be a "
"ctypes type or instance."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1814
msgid ""
"Returns a light-weight pointer to *obj*, which must be an instance of a "
"ctypes type.  *offset* defaults to zero, and must be an integer that will be "
"added to the internal pointer value."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1818
msgid "``byref(obj, offset)`` corresponds to this C code::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1822
msgid ""
"The returned object can only be used as a foreign function call parameter. "
"It behaves similar to ``pointer(obj)``, but the construction is a lot faster."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1828
msgid ""
"This function is similar to the cast operator in C. It returns a new "
"instance of *type* which points to the same memory block as *obj*.  *type* "
"must be a pointer type, and *obj* must be an object that can be interpreted "
"as a pointer."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1836
msgid ""
"This function creates a mutable character buffer. The returned object is a "
"ctypes array of :class:`c_char`."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1839
msgid ""
"*init_or_size* must be an integer which specifies the size of the array, or "
"a bytes object which will be used to initialize the array items."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1842
msgid ""
"If a bytes object is specified as first argument, the buffer is made one "
"item larger than its length so that the last element in the array is a NUL "
"termination character. An integer can be passed as second argument which "
"allows specifying the size of the array if the length of the bytes should "
"not be used."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1851
msgid ""
"This function creates a mutable unicode character buffer. The returned "
"object is a ctypes array of :class:`c_wchar`."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1854
msgid ""
"*init_or_size* must be an integer which specifies the size of the array, or "
"a string which will be used to initialize the array items."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1857
msgid ""
"If a string is specified as first argument, the buffer is made one item "
"larger than the length of the string so that the last element in the array "
"is a NUL termination character. An integer can be passed as second argument "
"which allows specifying the size of the array if the length of the string "
"should not be used."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1867
msgid ""
"Windows only: This function is a hook which allows implementing in-process "
"COM servers with ctypes.  It is called from the DllCanUnloadNow function "
"that the _ctypes extension dll exports."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1874
msgid ""
"Windows only: This function is a hook which allows implementing in-process "
"COM servers with ctypes.  It is called from the DllGetClassObject function "
"that the ``_ctypes`` extension dll exports."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1882
msgid ""
"Try to find a library and return a pathname.  *name* is the library name "
"without any prefix like ``lib``, suffix like ``.so``, ``.dylib`` or version "
"number (this is the form used for the posix linker option :option:`!-l`).  "
"If no library can be found, returns ``None``."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1893
msgid ""
"Windows only: return the filename of the VC runtime library used by Python, "
"and by the extension modules.  If the name of the library cannot be "
"determined, ``None`` is returned."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1897
msgid ""
"If you need to free memory, for example, allocated by an extension module "
"with a call to the ``free(void *)``, it is important that you use the "
"function in the same library that allocated the memory."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1904
msgid ""
"Windows only: Returns a textual description of the error code *code*.  If no "
"error code is specified, the last error code is used by calling the Windows "
"api function GetLastError."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1911
msgid ""
"Windows only: Returns the last error code set by Windows in the calling "
"thread. This function calls the Windows `GetLastError()` function directly, "
"it does not return the ctypes-private copy of the error code."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1917
msgid ""
"Returns the current value of the ctypes-private copy of the system :data:"
"`errno` variable in the calling thread."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1922
msgid ""
"Windows only: returns the current value of the ctypes-private copy of the "
"system :data:`LastError` variable in the calling thread."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1927
msgid ""
"Same as the standard C memmove library function: copies *count* bytes from "
"*src* to *dst*. *dst* and *src* must be integers or ctypes instances that "
"can be converted to pointers."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1934
msgid ""
"Same as the standard C memset library function: fills the memory block at "
"address *dst* with *count* bytes of value *c*. *dst* must be an integer "
"specifying an address, or a ctypes instance."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1941
msgid ""
"This factory function creates and returns a new ctypes pointer type. Pointer "
"types are cached and reused internally, so calling this function repeatedly "
"is cheap. *type* must be a ctypes type."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1948
msgid ""
"This function creates a new pointer instance, pointing to *obj*. The "
"returned object is of the type ``POINTER(type(obj))``."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1951
msgid ""
"Note: If you just want to pass a pointer to an object to a foreign function "
"call, you should use ``byref(obj)`` which is much faster."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1957
msgid ""
"This function resizes the internal memory buffer of *obj*, which must be an "
"instance of a ctypes type.  It is not possible to make the buffer smaller "
"than the native size of the objects type, as given by ``sizeof(type(obj))``, "
"but it is possible to enlarge the buffer."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1965
msgid ""
"Set the current value of the ctypes-private copy of the system :data:`errno` "
"variable in the calling thread to *value* and return the previous value."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1972
msgid ""
"Windows only: set the current value of the ctypes-private copy of the "
"system :data:`LastError` variable in the calling thread to *value* and "
"return the previous value."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1980
msgid ""
"Returns the size in bytes of a ctypes type or instance memory buffer. Does "
"the same as the C ``sizeof`` operator."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1986
msgid ""
"This function returns the C string starting at memory address *address* as a "
"bytes object. If size is specified, it is used as size, otherwise the string "
"is assumed to be zero-terminated."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1993
msgid ""
"Windows only: this function is probably the worst-named thing in ctypes. It "
"creates an instance of OSError.  If *code* is not specified, "
"``GetLastError`` is called to determine the error code. If *descr* is not "
"specified, :func:`FormatError` is called to get a textual description of the "
"error."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:1999
msgid "An instance of :exc:`WindowsError` used to be created."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2005
msgid ""
"This function returns the wide character string starting at memory address "
"*address* as a string.  If *size* is specified, it is used as the number of "
"characters of the string, otherwise the string is assumed to be zero-"
"terminated."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2014
msgid "Data types"
msgstr "Types de données"

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2019
msgid ""
"This non-public class is the common base class of all ctypes data types. "
"Among other things, all ctypes type instances contain a memory block that "
"hold C compatible data; the address of the memory block is returned by the :"
"func:`addressof` helper function. Another instance variable is exposed as :"
"attr:`_objects`; this contains other Python objects that need to be kept "
"alive in case the memory block contains pointers."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2026
msgid ""
"Common methods of ctypes data types, these are all class methods (to be "
"exact, they are methods of the :term:`metaclass`):"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2031
msgid ""
"This method returns a ctypes instance that shares the buffer of the *source* "
"object.  The *source* object must support the writeable buffer interface.  "
"The optional *offset* parameter specifies an offset into the source buffer "
"in bytes; the default is zero.  If the source buffer is not large enough a :"
"exc:`ValueError` is raised."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2040
msgid ""
"This method creates a ctypes instance, copying the buffer from the *source* "
"object buffer which must be readable.  The optional *offset* parameter "
"specifies an offset into the source buffer in bytes; the default is zero.  "
"If the source buffer is not large enough a :exc:`ValueError` is raised."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2048
msgid ""
"This method returns a ctypes type instance using the memory specified by "
"*address* which must be an integer."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:None
msgid ""
"Raises an :ref:`auditing event <auditing>` ``ctypes.cdata`` with argument "
"``address``."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2053
msgid ""
"This method, and others that indirectly call this method, raises an :ref:"
"`auditing event <auditing>` ``ctypes.cdata`` with argument ``address``."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2059
msgid ""
"This method adapts *obj* to a ctypes type.  It is called with the actual "
"object used in a foreign function call when the type is present in the "
"foreign function's :attr:`argtypes` tuple; it must return an object that can "
"be used as a function call parameter."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2064
msgid ""
"All ctypes data types have a default implementation of this classmethod that "
"normally returns *obj* if that is an instance of the type.  Some types "
"accept other objects as well."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2070
msgid ""
"This method returns a ctypes type instance exported by a shared library. "
"*name* is the name of the symbol that exports the data, *library* is the "
"loaded shared library."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2074
msgid "Common instance variables of ctypes data types:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2078
msgid ""
"Sometimes ctypes data instances do not own the memory block they contain, "
"instead they share part of the memory block of a base object.  The :attr:"
"`_b_base_` read-only member is the root ctypes object that owns the memory "
"block."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2085
msgid ""
"This read-only variable is true when the ctypes data instance has allocated "
"the memory block itself, false otherwise."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2090
msgid ""
"This member is either ``None`` or a dictionary containing Python objects "
"that need to be kept alive so that the memory block contents is kept valid.  "
"This object is only exposed for debugging; never modify the contents of this "
"dictionary."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2103
msgid ""
"This non-public class is the base class of all fundamental ctypes data "
"types. It is mentioned here because it contains the common attributes of the "
"fundamental ctypes data types.  :class:`_SimpleCData` is a subclass of :"
"class:`_CData`, so it inherits their methods and attributes. ctypes data "
"types that are not and do not contain pointers can now be pickled."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2109
msgid "Instances have a single attribute:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2113
msgid ""
"This attribute contains the actual value of the instance. For integer and "
"pointer types, it is an integer, for character types, it is a single "
"character bytes object or string, for character pointer types it is a Python "
"bytes object or string."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2118
msgid ""
"When the ``value`` attribute is retrieved from a ctypes instance, usually a "
"new object is returned each time.  :mod:`ctypes` does *not* implement "
"original object return, always a new object is constructed.  The same is "
"true for all other ctypes object instances."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2124
msgid ""
"Fundamental data types, when returned as foreign function call results, or, "
"for example, by retrieving structure field members or array items, are "
"transparently converted to native Python types.  In other words, if a "
"foreign function has a :attr:`restype` of :class:`c_char_p`, you will always "
"receive a Python bytes object, *not* a :class:`c_char_p` instance."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2132
msgid ""
"Subclasses of fundamental data types do *not* inherit this behavior. So, if "
"a foreign functions :attr:`restype` is a subclass of :class:`c_void_p`, you "
"will receive an instance of this subclass from the function call. Of course, "
"you can get the value of the pointer by accessing the ``value`` attribute."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2137
msgid "These are the fundamental ctypes data types:"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2141
msgid ""
"Represents the C :c:type:`signed char` datatype, and interprets the value as "
"small integer.  The constructor accepts an optional integer initializer; no "
"overflow checking is done."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2148
msgid ""
"Represents the C :c:type:`char` datatype, and interprets the value as a "
"single character.  The constructor accepts an optional string initializer, "
"the length of the string must be exactly one character."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2155
msgid ""
"Represents the C :c:type:`char *` datatype when it points to a zero-"
"terminated string.  For a general character pointer that may also point to "
"binary data, ``POINTER(c_char)`` must be used.  The constructor accepts an "
"integer address, or a bytes object."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2163
msgid ""
"Represents the C :c:type:`double` datatype.  The constructor accepts an "
"optional float initializer."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2169
msgid ""
"Represents the C :c:type:`long double` datatype.  The constructor accepts an "
"optional float initializer.  On platforms where ``sizeof(long double) == "
"sizeof(double)`` it is an alias to :class:`c_double`."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2175
msgid ""
"Represents the C :c:type:`float` datatype.  The constructor accepts an "
"optional float initializer."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2181
msgid ""
"Represents the C :c:type:`signed int` datatype.  The constructor accepts an "
"optional integer initializer; no overflow checking is done.  On platforms "
"where ``sizeof(int) == sizeof(long)`` it is an alias to :class:`c_long`."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2188
msgid ""
"Represents the C 8-bit :c:type:`signed int` datatype.  Usually an alias for :"
"class:`c_byte`."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2194
msgid ""
"Represents the C 16-bit :c:type:`signed int` datatype.  Usually an alias "
"for :class:`c_short`."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2200
msgid ""
"Represents the C 32-bit :c:type:`signed int` datatype.  Usually an alias "
"for :class:`c_int`."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2206
msgid ""
"Represents the C 64-bit :c:type:`signed int` datatype.  Usually an alias "
"for :class:`c_longlong`."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2212
msgid ""
"Represents the C :c:type:`signed long` datatype.  The constructor accepts an "
"optional integer initializer; no overflow checking is done."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2218
msgid ""
"Represents the C :c:type:`signed long long` datatype.  The constructor "
"accepts an optional integer initializer; no overflow checking is done."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2224
msgid ""
"Represents the C :c:type:`signed short` datatype.  The constructor accepts "
"an optional integer initializer; no overflow checking is done."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2230
msgid "Represents the C :c:type:`size_t` datatype."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2235
msgid "Represents the C :c:type:`ssize_t` datatype."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2242
msgid ""
"Represents the C :c:type:`unsigned char` datatype, it interprets the value "
"as small integer.  The constructor accepts an optional integer initializer; "
"no overflow checking is done."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2249
msgid ""
"Represents the C :c:type:`unsigned int` datatype.  The constructor accepts "
"an optional integer initializer; no overflow checking is done.  On platforms "
"where ``sizeof(int) == sizeof(long)`` it is an alias for :class:`c_ulong`."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2256
msgid ""
"Represents the C 8-bit :c:type:`unsigned int` datatype.  Usually an alias "
"for :class:`c_ubyte`."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2262
msgid ""
"Represents the C 16-bit :c:type:`unsigned int` datatype.  Usually an alias "
"for :class:`c_ushort`."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2268
msgid ""
"Represents the C 32-bit :c:type:`unsigned int` datatype.  Usually an alias "
"for :class:`c_uint`."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2274
msgid ""
"Represents the C 64-bit :c:type:`unsigned int` datatype.  Usually an alias "
"for :class:`c_ulonglong`."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2280
msgid ""
"Represents the C :c:type:`unsigned long` datatype.  The constructor accepts "
"an optional integer initializer; no overflow checking is done."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2286
msgid ""
"Represents the C :c:type:`unsigned long long` datatype.  The constructor "
"accepts an optional integer initializer; no overflow checking is done."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2292
msgid ""
"Represents the C :c:type:`unsigned short` datatype.  The constructor accepts "
"an optional integer initializer; no overflow checking is done."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2298
msgid ""
"Represents the C :c:type:`void *` type.  The value is represented as "
"integer. The constructor accepts an optional integer initializer."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2304
msgid ""
"Represents the C :c:type:`wchar_t` datatype, and interprets the value as a "
"single character unicode string.  The constructor accepts an optional string "
"initializer, the length of the string must be exactly one character."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2311
msgid ""
"Represents the C :c:type:`wchar_t *` datatype, which must be a pointer to a "
"zero-terminated wide character string.  The constructor accepts an integer "
"address, or a string."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2318
msgid ""
"Represent the C :c:type:`bool` datatype (more accurately, :c:type:`_Bool` "
"from C99).  Its value can be ``True`` or ``False``, and the constructor "
"accepts any object that has a truth value."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2325
msgid ""
"Windows only: Represents a :c:type:`HRESULT` value, which contains success "
"or error information for a function or method call."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2331
msgid ""
"Represents the C :c:type:`PyObject *` datatype.  Calling this without an "
"argument creates a ``NULL`` :c:type:`PyObject *` pointer."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2334
msgid ""
"The :mod:`ctypes.wintypes` module provides quite some other Windows specific "
"data types, for example :c:type:`HWND`, :c:type:`WPARAM`, or :c:type:"
"`DWORD`.  Some useful structures like :c:type:`MSG` or :c:type:`RECT` are "
"also defined."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2342
msgid "Structured data types"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2347
msgid "Abstract base class for unions in native byte order."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2352
msgid "Abstract base class for structures in *big endian* byte order."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2357
msgid "Abstract base class for structures in *little endian* byte order."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2359
msgid ""
"Structures with non-native byte order cannot contain pointer type fields, or "
"any other data types containing pointer type fields."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2365
msgid "Abstract base class for structures in *native* byte order."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2367
msgid ""
"Concrete structure and union types must be created by subclassing one of "
"these types, and at least define a :attr:`_fields_` class variable. :mod:"
"`ctypes` will create :term:`descriptor`\\s which allow reading and writing "
"the fields by direct attribute accesses.  These are the"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2375
msgid ""
"A sequence defining the structure fields.  The items must be 2-tuples or 3-"
"tuples.  The first item is the name of the field, the second item specifies "
"the type of the field; it can be any ctypes data type."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2379
msgid ""
"For integer type fields like :class:`c_int`, a third optional item can be "
"given.  It must be a small positive integer defining the bit width of the "
"field."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2383
msgid ""
"Field names must be unique within one structure or union.  This is not "
"checked, only one field can be accessed when names are repeated."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2386
msgid ""
"It is possible to define the :attr:`_fields_` class variable *after* the "
"class statement that defines the Structure subclass, this allows creating "
"data types that directly or indirectly reference themselves::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2396
msgid ""
"The :attr:`_fields_` class variable must, however, be defined before the "
"type is first used (an instance is created, :func:`sizeof` is called on it, "
"and so on).  Later assignments to the :attr:`_fields_` class variable will "
"raise an AttributeError."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2401
msgid ""
"It is possible to define sub-subclasses of structure types, they inherit the "
"fields of the base class plus the :attr:`_fields_` defined in the sub-"
"subclass, if any."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2408
msgid ""
"An optional small integer that allows overriding the alignment of structure "
"fields in the instance.  :attr:`_pack_` must already be defined when :attr:"
"`_fields_` is assigned, otherwise it will have no effect."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2415
msgid ""
"An optional sequence that lists the names of unnamed (anonymous) fields. :"
"attr:`_anonymous_` must be already defined when :attr:`_fields_` is "
"assigned, otherwise it will have no effect."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2419
msgid ""
"The fields listed in this variable must be structure or union type fields. :"
"mod:`ctypes` will create descriptors in the structure type that allows "
"accessing the nested fields directly, without the need to create the "
"structure or union field."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2424
msgid "Here is an example type (Windows)::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2437
msgid ""
"The ``TYPEDESC`` structure describes a COM data type, the ``vt`` field "
"specifies which one of the union fields is valid.  Since the ``u`` field is "
"defined as anonymous field, it is now possible to access the members "
"directly off the TYPEDESC instance. ``td.lptdesc`` and ``td.u.lptdesc`` are "
"equivalent, but the former is faster since it does not need to create a "
"temporary union instance::"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2449
msgid ""
"It is possible to define sub-subclasses of structures, they inherit the "
"fields of the base class.  If the subclass definition has a separate :attr:"
"`_fields_` variable, the fields specified in this are appended to the fields "
"of the base class."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2454
msgid ""
"Structure and union constructors accept both positional and keyword "
"arguments.  Positional arguments are used to initialize member fields in the "
"same order as they are appear in :attr:`_fields_`.  Keyword arguments in the "
"constructor are interpreted as attribute assignments, so they will "
"initialize :attr:`_fields_` with the same name, or create new attributes for "
"names not present in :attr:`_fields_`."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2465
msgid "Arrays and pointers"
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2469
msgid "Abstract base class for arrays."
msgstr "Classe de base abstraite pour les *arrays*."

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2471
msgid ""
"The recommended way to create concrete array types is by multiplying any :"
"mod:`ctypes` data type with a positive integer.  Alternatively, you can "
"subclass this type and define :attr:`_length_` and :attr:`_type_` class "
"variables. Array elements can be read and written using standard subscript "
"and slice accesses; for slice reads, the resulting object is *not* itself "
"an :class:`Array`."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2481
msgid ""
"A positive integer specifying the number of elements in the array. Out-of-"
"range subscripts result in an :exc:`IndexError`. Will be returned by :func:"
"`len`."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2488
msgid "Specifies the type of each element in the array."
msgstr "Spécifie le type de chaque élément de l'*array*."

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2491
msgid ""
"Array subclass constructors accept positional arguments, used to initialize "
"the elements in order."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2497
msgid "Private, abstract base class for pointers."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2499
msgid ""
"Concrete pointer types are created by calling :func:`POINTER` with the type "
"that will be pointed to; this is done automatically by :func:`pointer`."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2503
msgid ""
"If a pointer points to an array, its elements can be read and written using "
"standard subscript and slice accesses.  Pointer objects have no size, so :"
"func:`len` will raise :exc:`TypeError`.  Negative subscripts will read from "
"the memory *before* the pointer (as in C), and out-of-range subscripts will "
"probably crash with an access violation (if you're lucky)."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2513
msgid "Specifies the type pointed to."
msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/library/ctypes.rst:2517
msgid ""
"Returns the object to which to pointer points.  Assigning to this attribute "
"changes the pointer to point to the assigned object."
msgstr ""